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Index Aristolochic acid, nephrotoxicity of, 82 Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) Aristolochic acid nephropathy, 42t, 44, Q95 for hypertension, 33, 34, 34t, 39t, 40, Q50 Arrhythmias, hypokalemia and, Q1 in pregnancy, 73 Arrhythmogenesis, ESKD and, 88 TIN and, 42t Arterial blood gases, 19, 26 Calcium gluconate, 17, Q15 Arteriosclerosis, 27, 27f Calcium homeostasis, 78-79, 78f Ascending aortic dissection, esmolol use in, Q30 Calcium oxalate crystals, 7f, 66 Ascorbic acid, dipstick interference by, 3 Calcium oxalate stones, 70t, 71, Q93 Aspirin, 42t, 74, Q44 Calcium phosphate crystals, 7f Asterixis, AKI] and, 62 Calcium phosphate stones, 24, 70t Atazanavir, urine crystals, 5, 61t Canagliflozin, 4, Q108 Atenolol, 34, 73 Cancer, 87, Q3. See also Malignancy Ateriovenous fistulas, 83-84 Candesartan, for hypertension, 34 Atezolizumab, TIN and, 42t Cannabinoids, 42t, 64 Atheroembolic disease, urine eosinophils and, 5 Captopril, for hypertension, 34 Atherosclerotic disease, 37, 65, 88, Q88 Carbamazepine, TIN and, 42t ATN. See Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) Carbon dioxide (CO,), respiratory acidosis and, 26 Atorvastatin, atherosclerotic disease risk reduction, Q88 Carbonic anhydrase deficiencies, hereditary, 24 Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), 58, 58f, 59, Q102 Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, 23 Azathioprine, 51, 74-75, 86 Cardiac arrhythmias, 14, 18-19, 24 Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS), 68 B Cardiovascular disease (CVD), 77-78, 87-88, Q76, Q88 Bacterial infections, CTIN and, 42t Casts, 4t, 5, 6f Balkan endemic nephropathy. See Aristolochic acid nephropathy Catheters, tunneled, 88, Q86 Barium salts, hypokalemia and, 16 CCBs. See Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) Bartter syndrome, 16, 25-26 Cefazolin, TIN and, 42t Beets, dipstick interference by, 3 Cefoxitin, TIN and, 42t Benazepril, for hypertension, 34 Central venous catheters, Q62 Benign familial hematuria. See Thin glomerular basement Cephalexin, TIN and, 42t membrane (GBM) disease Cephalosporins, TIN and, 42t B-Blockers, 33, 34t, 73 Cerebral edema, hyponatremia and, 11 B-Hydroxybutyrate, 4, 21 Cervicitis, leukocytes in, 5 Bictegravir, creatinine secretion and, 1 Cesium salts, hypokalemia and, 16 Bilirubin, urine, 5 Chest, noncontrast CT screening, Q3 Biopsies Chloride depletion, 24-25 in CKD, 76 Chloride levels, urine, 25 contraindications for, 11 Chloroquine, dipstick interference by, 3 indications for, 11, 45, Q8, Q21, Q45 Chlorthalidone, 33-34, 37, Q56, Q74, Q93 kidney, 11 Cholesterol levels, CKD and, 77 percutaneous, 11 Chronic hypertension, ramipril for, Q53 risks of, 11 Chronic interstitial nephritis, CTIN and, 42t BK polyoma virus, 42t, 43, 86 Chronic interstitial nephritis in agricultural communities (CINAC), 44, Q24 Black patients. See Race/ethnicity Chronic kidney disease (CKD) Bladder dysfunction, 10, Q59 cardiovascular disease and, Q76 Bladder pressure measurements, Q59 clinical manifestations, 76 Bladder ultrasonography, Q35 complications of, 77-82 Blood, dipstick tests, 3 definition of, 75 Blood pressure. See also Hypertension diabetes and, 46, Q108 definitions for adults, 29t diagnosis, 76-77 drugs affecting, 30t epidemiology of, 75-76 lifestyle modifications, 33t evaluation of, Q29 measurement of, 27-29, Q14 furosemide for hypertension in, Q61, Q82 monitoring of, 28, Q14 gastrointestinal reflux disease and, Q10 Blood transfusions, for CKD-associated anemia, 81 hypertension and, 27, 36-37, 38 Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), 1, 62 management of, 77-82, Q72 Blood vessels, hypertension and, 27 monitoring of, Q18 Blood/heme pigments, urine, 4t pathophysiology of, 75-76 Blue toe syndrome, 66, 66f periprocedure precautions in, Q2 Bone disease, in kidney transplant patients, 87 in pregnancy, 74-75 Brain, sustained hypertension and, 27 screening for, 76 Brucellosis, CTIN and, 42t slowing progression of, 82-83 staging of, 75, 75f vaccinations in, Q42 Caffeine, blood pressure and, 30t Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology (CKD-EPI) Collaboration equation, 1 Calcidiol, 79 Chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder, 78-81, Q23 Calcific uremic arteriolopathy. See Calciphylaxis Chronic pyelonephritis, CTIN and, 42t Calcimimetics, 80, 81t Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis (CTIN), 41-44, 42t, 43t, 65, Q95. Calcineurin inhibitors See also Tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) blood pressure increase and, 30t Chvostek, description of, 18 CTIN and, 44 Cimetidine, creatinine secretion and, 1 hypomagnesemia and, 19 Cinacalcet, for CKD-bone and mineral disorder, 81t metabolism of, 86 Ciprofloxacin, TIN and, 42t for minimal change glomerulopathy, 49 Cirrhosis, 12, 26, Q25 during pregnancy, 74 Cisplatin, 19, 64 prerenal AKI and, 63 Citrates, calcium oxalate stones and, 71 TIN and, 42t CKD. See Chronic kidney disease (CKD) Calciphylaxis, 88-89, 88f, Q47 CKD-EPI cystatin C equation, 76 Calcitriol, 18, 79, 80, 8it Clevidipine, 39t, 40t Calcium, calcium oxalate stones and, 71 Clonidine, 34, 36, 39 Calcium, dietary, oxalate absorption and, 72 Closed bag breathing, 26 Calcium acetate, for CKD-bone and mineral disorder, 81t Cobicistat, creatinine secretion and, 1 Calcium carbonate, 8it Cocaine, TIN and, 42t

Aristolochic acid, nephrotoxicity of, 82 Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) Aristolochic acid nephropathy, 42t, 44, Q95 for hypertension, 33, 34, 34t, 39t, 40, Q50 Arrhythmias, hypokalemia and, Q1 in pregnancy, 73 Arrhythmogenesis, ESKD and, 88 TIN and, 42t Arterial blood gases, 19, 26 Calcium gluconate, 17, Q15 Arteriosclerosis, 27, 27f Calcium homeostasis, 78-79, 78f Ascending aortic dissection, esmolol use in, Q30 Calcium oxalate crystals, 7f, 66 Ascorbic acid, dipstick interference by, 3 Calcium oxalate stones, 70t, 71, Q93 Aspirin, 42t, 74, Q44 Calcium phosphate crystals, 7f Asterixis, AKI] and, 62 Calcium phosphate stones, 24, 70t Atazanavir, urine crystals, 5, 61t Canagliflozin, 4, Q108 Atenolol, 34, 73 Cancer, 87, Q3. See also Malignancy Ateriovenous fistulas, 83-84 Candesartan, for hypertension, 34 Atezolizumab, TIN and, 42t Cannabinoids, 42t, 64 Atheroembolic disease, urine eosinophils and, 5 Captopril, for hypertension, 34 Atherosclerotic disease, 37, 65, 88, Q88 Carbamazepine, TIN and, 42t ATN. See Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) Carbon dioxide (CO,), respiratory acidosis and, 26 Atorvastatin, atherosclerotic disease risk reduction, Q88 Carbonic anhydrase deficiencies, hereditary, 24 Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), 58, 58f, 59, Q102 Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, 23 Azathioprine, 51, 74-75, 86 Cardiac arrhythmias, 14, 18-19, 24 Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS), 68 B Cardiovascular disease (CVD), 77-78, 87-88, Q76, Q88 Bacterial infections, CTIN and, 42t Casts, 4t, 5, 6f Balkan endemic nephropathy. See Aristolochic acid nephropathy Catheters, tunneled, 88, Q86 Barium salts, hypokalemia and, 16 CCBs. See Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) Bartter syndrome, 16, 25-26 Cefazolin, TIN and, 42t Beets, dipstick interference by, 3 Cefoxitin, TIN and, 42t Benazepril, for hypertension, 34 Central venous catheters, Q62 Benign familial hematuria. See Thin glomerular basement Cephalexin, TIN and, 42t membrane (GBM) disease Cephalosporins, TIN and, 42t B-Blockers, 33, 34t, 73 Cerebral edema, hyponatremia and, 11 B-Hydroxybutyrate, 4, 21 Cervicitis, leukocytes in, 5 Bictegravir, creatinine secretion and, 1 Cesium salts, hypokalemia and, 16 Bilirubin, urine, 5 Chest, noncontrast CT screening, Q3 Biopsies Chloride depletion, 24-25 in CKD, 76 Chloride levels, urine, 25 contraindications for, 11 Chloroquine, dipstick interference by, 3 indications for, 11, 45, Q8, Q21, Q45 Chlorthalidone, 33-34, 37, Q56, Q74, Q93 kidney, 11 Cholesterol levels, CKD and, 77 percutaneous, 11 Chronic hypertension, ramipril for, Q53 risks of, 11 Chronic interstitial nephritis, CTIN and, 42t BK polyoma virus, 42t, 43, 86 Chronic interstitial nephritis in agricultural communities (CINAC), 44, Q24 Black patients. See Race/ethnicity Chronic kidney disease (CKD) Bladder dysfunction, 10, Q59 cardiovascular disease and, Q76 Bladder pressure measurements, Q59 clinical manifestations, 76 Bladder ultrasonography, Q35 complications of, 77-82 Blood, dipstick tests, 3 definition of, 75 Blood pressure. See also Hypertension diabetes and, 46, Q108 definitions for adults, 29t diagnosis, 76-77 drugs affecting, 30t epidemiology of, 75-76 lifestyle modifications, 33t evaluation of, Q29 measurement of, 27-29, Q14 furosemide for hypertension in, Q61, Q82 monitoring of, 28, Q14 gastrointestinal reflux disease and, Q10 Blood transfusions, for CKD-associated anemia, 81 hypertension and, 27, 36-37, 38 Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), 1, 62 management of, 77-82, Q72 Blood vessels, hypertension and, 27 monitoring of, Q18 Blood/heme pigments, urine, 4t pathophysiology of, 75-76 Blue toe syndrome, 66, 66f periprocedure precautions in, Q2 Bone disease, in kidney transplant patients, 87 in pregnancy, 74-75 Brain, sustained hypertension and, 27 screening for, 76 Brucellosis, CTIN and, 42t slowing progression of, 82-83 staging of, 75, 75f vaccinations in, Q42 Caffeine, blood pressure and, 30t Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology (CKD-EPI) Collaboration equation, 1 Calcidiol, 79 Chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder, 78-81, Q23 Calcific uremic arteriolopathy. See Calciphylaxis Chronic pyelonephritis, CTIN and, 42t Calcimimetics, 80, 81t Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis (CTIN), 41-44, 42t, 43t, 65, Q95. Calcineurin inhibitors See also Tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) blood pressure increase and, 30t Chvostek, description of, 18 CTIN and, 44 Cimetidine, creatinine secretion and, 1 hypomagnesemia and, 19 Cinacalcet, for CKD-bone and mineral disorder, 81t metabolism of, 86 Ciprofloxacin, TIN and, 42t for minimal change glomerulopathy, 49 Cirrhosis, 12, 26, Q25 during pregnancy, 74 Cisplatin, 19, 64 prerenal AKI and, 63 Citrates, calcium oxalate stones and, 71 TIN and, 42t CKD. See Chronic kidney disease (CKD) Calciphylaxis, 88-89, 88f, Q47 CKD-EPI cystatin C equation, 76 Calcitriol, 18, 79, 80, 8it Clevidipine, 39t, 40t Calcium, calcium oxalate stones and, 71 Clonidine, 34, 36, 39 Calcium, dietary, oxalate absorption and, 72 Closed bag breathing, 26 Calcium acetate, for CKD-bone and mineral disorder, 81t Cobicistat, creatinine secretion and, 1 Calcium carbonate, 8it Cocaine, TIN and, 42t 178

Coccidioidomycosis screening, 87 Electrophoresis, urine proteins, 9 Cockcroft-Gault equation (CGE), 2t, 3 Empagliflozin, glucosuria and, 4 Collagen type IV-related nephropathies, 55, 59 Enalapril, for hypertension, 34, 39t Combination therapy for hypertension, Q32 Endocapillary proliferation, 54 Computed tomographic angiography (CTA), 37, Q48 End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) Computed tomography (CT), 10, Q3, Q71 calciphylaxis in, Q47 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypertension and, 31t complications of, 88-89 Congenital chloridorrhea, 25 definition of, 84 Congenital reflux nephropathy, renal cysts in, Q5 diabetes and, 46 Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), 69. See also Renal dialysis in, Q67 replacement therapy (RRT) glomerular disease and, 44-45 Contraceptives, blood pressure and, 30t goals of care in, 85t Contrast agents, 11, 37, 62, 64, 83 hepatitis C treatment and, Q34 Contrast-associated acute tubular necrosis, Q43 hydronephrosis in, Q101 Contrast-associated nephropathy (CAN), 10-11, 67-68, 83, Q2 hypertension and, 36-37, Q94 Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN), 67-68 Enterobacter spp., nitrite tests and, 4-5 Coronary artery disease (CAD), CKD and, 77-78 Eosinophils, urine, 5 Creatine, creatinine and, 1 Ephedra, blood pressure and, 30t Creatinine, 1, 2t, 62, 74, Q55 Episodic hypertension, 28 Creatinine clearance (CrCl), 2t Epithelial cells, urine, 5 Creatinine-cystatin equation, 2t, 76 Epithelial sodium channel blockers, 34 Cryoglobulinemia, 55, 57 Eplerenone, 34, 36, Q79 Cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis, Q81 Epstein-Barr virus, immunosuppression and, 87 Crystal-induced acute kidney injury, Q105 Erythrocyte transfusions, 81 Crystalluria, 5-8 Erythrocytes, urine, 4t, 5, 6f, 46 Crystals, urinalysis and, 4t Erythropoietin-stimulating agents (ESAs), 30t, 81 CTIN. See Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis (CTIN) Escherichia coli, nitrite tests and, 4-5 Cushing syndrome, 31t, 38 ESKD. See End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) CVD. See Cardiovascular disease (CVD) Esmolol, 39t, 40t, Q30 Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, 24, 82 Etelcalcetide, for CKD-bone and mineral disorder, 81t Cyclosporine, 42t, 63, 74, 86 Ethanol, blood pressure and, 30t Cystatin C, 1, 2t, Q98 Ethylene glycol, anion gap acidosis and, 22t, 23 Cystic kidney disease, ESKD and, 88 Exercise, hypertension management and, 33t Cystine kidney stones, 7f, 70t, 71 Eyes, sustained hypertension and, 27 Cystinuria, cystine stones and, 71 Cystoscopy, indications for, 10, Q33 F Cystoscopy with retrograde pyelograph, Q95 Fabry disease, 59-60 Cysts, ultrasonographic imaging, 10 Familial hyperaldosteronism type 1, 38 Cytomegalovirus (CMV), transplantation and, 86 Famotidine, Q10 Fanconi syndrome, 23, 43, 43t D Febuxostat, for uric acid prevention, 68 DASH diet, 32-33 Felodipine, 34 Decongestants, blood pressure and, 30t Fenoldopam, 39t, 40t Delta-delta (A-A) ratio, 20 Ferric carboxymaltose, 18, Q78 Demeclocycline, ADH action and, 13 Ferric citrate, 81t Deposition diseases, 55-58, 56f Fibrillary and immunotactoid glomerulopathy, 57 Depression, ESKD and, 89 Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23), 18, 78-79 Desmopressin, 13, 14, Q90 Fibromuscular dysplasia, 37-38, Q48 Diabetes insipidus, 14, 64, Q40 Flank pain, 70, Q69, Q71 Diabetes mellitus (DM), 32, 40, 82, Q29, Q37, Q39 Fluconazole, coccidioidomycosis prophylaxis using, 87 Diabetic ketoacidosis, 4, 18, 21-22 Fludrocortisone, 17, 24 Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), 24, 46-47, Q108 Fluid intake, 71, Q60 Dialysis, 37, 84-85, Q67. See also Hemodialysis; Peritoneal dialysis (PD) Fluids, electrolytes and, 11-19 Diarrhea, 16, 19 Fluoroquinolones, TIN and, 42t Diastolic blood pressure, 28 Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), 47-48, 48f, Q36, Q104 Dihydropyridines, for hypertension, 34, 34t, 39t Fomepizole, for ethylene glycol intoxication, 66 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D, 78, 79 Fungal infections, CTIN and, 42t Diltiazem, for hypertension, 34 Furosemide, 13, 34, 37, Q4, Q61, Q82 1,3-Dimethylamine, blood pressure and, 30t Dipstick tests, urine, 3-S G Diuretics, 17, 33-34, 37, 42t, Q56. See also Loop diuretics; Thiazide diuretics Gabapentin, for pruritus, 89 DKD. See Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) Gadolinium, NSF induced by, 37 DM. See Diabetes mellitus (DM) Gadolinium-based contrast media (GBCM), 83 Dolutegravir, creatinine secretion and, 1 Gastrointestinal reflux disease, Q10 Doxazosin, for resistant hypertension, 36 Gastrointestinal therapeutics, TIN and, 42t Doxercalciferol, for CKD-bone and mineral disorder, 81t Gender, hypertension and, 40 Drugs of abuse, 42t, 44 Genetic disorders, 58-60 Dyslipidemias, 77, 87 Gestational hypertension, 73 Dysproteinemias, 24 Gitelman syndrome, 16, 25-26, Q87 Glomerular basement membrane (GBM), 45f, 59 E Glomerular crescents, 50f Eclampsia, 40t, 73-74 Glomerular diseases, 44-46 Ecstasy (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine), 12 Glomerular filtration rates (GFR), 1-3, 3f, 43t Edema Glomerulonephritis. See also Nephritic syndrome AKI and, Q100 categorization of, 50t cerebral, 11 causes of, Q89 control of, 45-46 cryoglobinemic, Q81 minimal change glomerulopathy and, Q100 diagnosis of, Q21 nephrotic syndrome-associated, Q104 dysmorphic erythrocytes and, 5 Electrocardiography (ECG), 15f, 31 infection-related, Q96 Electrolyte abnormalities, AKI and, 62 urine eosinophils and, 5 Electrolytes, fluids and, 11-19 Glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) receptor agonist, 82

Coccidioidomycosis screening, 87 Electrophoresis, urine proteins, 9 Cockcroft-Gault equation (CGE), 2t, 3 Empagliflozin, glucosuria and, 4 Collagen type IV-related nephropathies, 55, 59 Enalapril, for hypertension, 34, 39t Combination therapy for hypertension, Q32 Endocapillary proliferation, 54 Computed tomographic angiography (CTA), 37, Q48 End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) Computed tomography (CT), 10, Q3, Q71 calciphylaxis in, Q47 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypertension and, 31t complications of, 88-89 Congenital chloridorrhea, 25 definition of, 84 Congenital reflux nephropathy, renal cysts in, Q5 diabetes and, 46 Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), 69. See also Renal dialysis in, Q67 replacement therapy (RRT) glomerular disease and, 44-45 Contraceptives, blood pressure and, 30t goals of care in, 85t Contrast agents, 11, 37, 62, 64, 83 hepatitis C treatment and, Q34 Contrast-associated acute tubular necrosis, Q43 hydronephrosis in, Q101 Contrast-associated nephropathy (CAN), 10-11, 67-68, 83, Q2 hypertension and, 36-37, Q94 Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN), 67-68 Enterobacter spp., nitrite tests and, 4-5 Coronary artery disease (CAD), CKD and, 77-78 Eosinophils, urine, 5 Creatine, creatinine and, 1 Ephedra, blood pressure and, 30t Creatinine, 1, 2t, 62, 74, Q55 Episodic hypertension, 28 Creatinine clearance (CrCl), 2t Epithelial cells, urine, 5 Creatinine-cystatin equation, 2t, 76 Epithelial sodium channel blockers, 34 Cryoglobulinemia, 55, 57 Eplerenone, 34, 36, Q79 Cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis, Q81 Epstein-Barr virus, immunosuppression and, 87 Crystal-induced acute kidney injury, Q105 Erythrocyte transfusions, 81 Crystalluria, 5-8 Erythrocytes, urine, 4t, 5, 6f, 46 Crystals, urinalysis and, 4t Erythropoietin-stimulating agents (ESAs), 30t, 81 CTIN. See Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis (CTIN) Escherichia coli, nitrite tests and, 4-5 Cushing syndrome, 31t, 38 ESKD. See End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) CVD. See Cardiovascular disease (CVD) Esmolol, 39t, 40t, Q30 Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, 24, 82 Etelcalcetide, for CKD-bone and mineral disorder, 81t Cyclosporine, 42t, 63, 74, 86 Ethanol, blood pressure and, 30t Cystatin C, 1, 2t, Q98 Ethylene glycol, anion gap acidosis and, 22t, 23 Cystic kidney disease, ESKD and, 88 Exercise, hypertension management and, 33t Cystine kidney stones, 7f, 70t, 71 Eyes, sustained hypertension and, 27 Cystinuria, cystine stones and, 71 Cystoscopy, indications for, 10, Q33 F Cystoscopy with retrograde pyelograph, Q95 Fabry disease, 59-60 Cysts, ultrasonographic imaging, 10 Familial hyperaldosteronism type 1, 38 Cytomegalovirus (CMV), transplantation and, 86 Famotidine, Q10 Fanconi syndrome, 23, 43, 43t D Febuxostat, for uric acid prevention, 68 DASH diet, 32-33 Felodipine, 34 Decongestants, blood pressure and, 30t Fenoldopam, 39t, 40t Delta-delta (A-A) ratio, 20 Ferric carboxymaltose, 18, Q78 Demeclocycline, ADH action and, 13 Ferric citrate, 81t Deposition diseases, 55-58, 56f Fibrillary and immunotactoid glomerulopathy, 57 Depression, ESKD and, 89 Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23), 18, 78-79 Desmopressin, 13, 14, Q90 Fibromuscular dysplasia, 37-38, Q48 Diabetes insipidus, 14, 64, Q40 Flank pain, 70, Q69, Q71 Diabetes mellitus (DM), 32, 40, 82, Q29, Q37, Q39 Fluconazole, coccidioidomycosis prophylaxis using, 87 Diabetic ketoacidosis, 4, 18, 21-22 Fludrocortisone, 17, 24 Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), 24, 46-47, Q108 Fluid intake, 71, Q60 Dialysis, 37, 84-85, Q67. See also Hemodialysis; Peritoneal dialysis (PD) Fluids, electrolytes and, 11-19 Diarrhea, 16, 19 Fluoroquinolones, TIN and, 42t Diastolic blood pressure, 28 Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), 47-48, 48f, Q36, Q104 Dihydropyridines, for hypertension, 34, 34t, 39t Fomepizole, for ethylene glycol intoxication, 66 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D, 78, 79 Fungal infections, CTIN and, 42t Diltiazem, for hypertension, 34 Furosemide, 13, 34, 37, Q4, Q61, Q82 1,3-Dimethylamine, blood pressure and, 30t Dipstick tests, urine, 3-S G Diuretics, 17, 33-34, 37, 42t, Q56. See also Loop diuretics; Thiazide diuretics Gabapentin, for pruritus, 89 DKD. See Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) Gadolinium, NSF induced by, 37 DM. See Diabetes mellitus (DM) Gadolinium-based contrast media (GBCM), 83 Dolutegravir, creatinine secretion and, 1 Gastrointestinal reflux disease, Q10 Doxazosin, for resistant hypertension, 36 Gastrointestinal therapeutics, TIN and, 42t Doxercalciferol, for CKD-bone and mineral disorder, 81t Gender, hypertension and, 40 Drugs of abuse, 42t, 44 Genetic disorders, 58-60 Dyslipidemias, 77, 87 Gestational hypertension, 73 Dysproteinemias, 24 Gitelman syndrome, 16, 25-26, Q87 Glomerular basement membrane (GBM), 45f, 59 E Glomerular crescents, 50f Eclampsia, 40t, 73-74 Glomerular diseases, 44-46 Ecstasy (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine), 12 Glomerular filtration rates (GFR), 1-3, 3f, 43t Edema Glomerulonephritis. See also Nephritic syndrome AKI and, Q100 categorization of, 50t cerebral, 11 causes of, Q89 control of, 45-46 cryoglobinemic, Q81 minimal change glomerulopathy and, Q100 diagnosis of, Q21 nephrotic syndrome-associated, Q104 dysmorphic erythrocytes and, 5 Electrocardiography (ECG), 15f, 31 infection-related, Q96 Electrolyte abnormalities, AKI and, 62 urine eosinophils and, 5 Electrolytes, fluids and, 11-19 Glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) receptor agonist, 82 179

Index Uric acid crystals, 7f, 70t Tacrolimus, 42t, 63, 74, 86, Q58 Uric acid nephropathy, 42t Tadalafil, for kidney stones, 71 Uric acid stones, 71, Q54 Tamm-Horsfall protein, 5, 56-57 Urinalysis, 3-10, 4t Tamsulosin, for kidney stones, 71 Urinary tract infections (UTIs), 5, 71, Q38 Telehealth, blood pressure monitoring in, 28-29 Urinary tract obstruction, 67 Tenofovir, TIN and, 42t Urine, 5-8, 6f, 7f, 8t Tenofovir alafenamide, 23 Urine dipstick tests, 3-5 Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, 3-4, 23 Urine protein electrophoresis, 9, Q83 Thiazide diuretics, 12, 24, 33-34, 34t, 37, 40, 42t, Q56 Urobilinogen, urine, 5 Thin glomerular basement membrane (GBM) disease, 59, Q73 Urography CT, 10 Thirst, osmolality controlled by, 11 Uromodulin, 5 Thromboses, nephrotic syndrome and, 45-46 Urothelial cancer, 10t, Q95 Thrombotic microangiopathy, 66 Uteroscopy with laser ablation, 71 TIN. See Tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) Toluene, TIN and, 42t Vv Tolvaptan, 13, 58, Q102 Vaccinations, 83, 87, Q42 Tonicity, urine osmolality, 11 Vaginitis, leukocytes in, 5 Topiramate, 23-24 Valganciclovir, for CMV, 86 Total body water, estimate of, 14 Valsartan, for hypertension, 34 Trauma, BUN and, 1 Vancomycin, 64 Tremor, tacrolimus-associated, Q58 Vascular access in CKD patients, 83-84 Triamterene, potassium levels and, 17 Vascular calcification, 79, 79f, 88 Triglyceride levels, 77 Vascular cephalization, Q16 Trimethoprim, potassium excretion and, 17 Vascular endothelial growth factor antagonists, 30t Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 42t Vasodilators, for hypertension, 33 Trousseau, description of, 18 Vemurafenib, 42t, 44 TSC1 gene, 59 Venography, magnetic resonance angiography, 10-11 TSC2 gene, 59 Venous access, management of, Q62 Tuberculosis, CTIN and, 42t Venous thromboembolism (VTE), Q7 Tuberous sclerosis complex, 59 Verapamil, for hypertension, 34 Tubular defects, potassium loss and, 16 Vesicoureteral reflux, CTIN and, 43 Tubular injuries, microscopic view of, 7f Vigilance enhancers, blood pressure and, 30t Tubular secretion, creatinine and, 1 Villous adenomas, 25 Tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN), 41-44, 42t. See also Chronic Viruses, CTIN and, 42t tubulointerstitial nephritis (CTIN) Vitamin C, high doses, 66 Tubulointerstitial nephritis with uveitis (TINU), 42t Vitamin D, 71, 78-79 Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS), 18, 66, 68, Q70 Vitamin D analogs, 80 Tyrosine inhibitors, TIN and, 42t Volume overload, AKI and, 62 Vomiting, 24-25, Q66 U Ultrasonography bladder, Q35 Ww in CKD, 76 Water homeostasis, 11 with Doppler, Q85 Water retention, 77 imaging studies, 10-11 Weight loss, hypertension and, 33t in pregnancy, Q69 Wernicke encephalopathy, 22 UMOD mutations, 59 White coat hypertension, 28, 29t, 35, Q14 Urea, oral, for hyponatremia, 13 Wilson disease, 24 Urea diuresis, hypernatremia and, Q57 Uremia, AKI and, 62 X Uremic frost, 76f Xanthine oxidase inhibitors, 68

Uric acid crystals, 7f, 70t Tacrolimus, 42t, 63, 74, 86, Q58 Uric acid nephropathy, 42t Tadalafil, for kidney stones, 71 Uric acid stones, 71, Q54 Tamm-Horsfall protein, 5, 56-57 Urinalysis, 3-10, 4t Tamsulosin, for kidney stones, 71 Urinary tract infections (UTIs), 5, 71, Q38 Telehealth, blood pressure monitoring in, 28-29 Urinary tract obstruction, 67 Tenofovir, TIN and, 42t Urine, 5-8, 6f, 7f, 8t Tenofovir alafenamide, 23 Urine dipstick tests, 3-5 Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, 3-4, 23 Urine protein electrophoresis, 9, Q83 Thiazide diuretics, 12, 24, 33-34, 34t, 37, 40, 42t, Q56 Urobilinogen, urine, 5 Thin glomerular basement membrane (GBM) disease, 59, Q73 Urography CT, 10 Thirst, osmolality controlled by, 11 Uromodulin, 5 Thromboses, nephrotic syndrome and, 45-46 Urothelial cancer, 10t, Q95 Thrombotic microangiopathy, 66 Uteroscopy with laser ablation, 71 TIN. See Tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) Toluene, TIN and, 42t Vv Tolvaptan, 13, 58, Q102 Vaccinations, 83, 87, Q42 Tonicity, urine osmolality, 11 Vaginitis, leukocytes in, 5 Topiramate, 23-24 Valganciclovir, for CMV, 86 Total body water, estimate of, 14 Valsartan, for hypertension, 34 Trauma, BUN and, 1 Vancomycin, 64 Tremor, tacrolimus-associated, Q58 Vascular access in CKD patients, 83-84 Triamterene, potassium levels and, 17 Vascular calcification, 79, 79f, 88 Triglyceride levels, 77 Vascular cephalization, Q16 Trimethoprim, potassium excretion and, 17 Vascular endothelial growth factor antagonists, 30t Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 42t Vasodilators, for hypertension, 33 Trousseau, description of, 18 Vemurafenib, 42t, 44 TSC1 gene, 59 Venography, magnetic resonance angiography, 10-11 TSC2 gene, 59 Venous access, management of, Q62 Tuberculosis, CTIN and, 42t Venous thromboembolism (VTE), Q7 Tuberous sclerosis complex, 59 Verapamil, for hypertension, 34 Tubular defects, potassium loss and, 16 Vesicoureteral reflux, CTIN and, 43 Tubular injuries, microscopic view of, 7f Vigilance enhancers, blood pressure and, 30t Tubular secretion, creatinine and, 1 Villous adenomas, 25 Tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN), 41-44, 42t. See also Chronic Viruses, CTIN and, 42t tubulointerstitial nephritis (CTIN) Vitamin C, high doses, 66 Tubulointerstitial nephritis with uveitis (TINU), 42t Vitamin D, 71, 78-79 Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS), 18, 66, 68, Q70 Vitamin D analogs, 80 Tyrosine inhibitors, TIN and, 42t Volume overload, AKI and, 62 Vomiting, 24-25, Q66 U Ultrasonography bladder, Q35 Ww in CKD, 76 Water homeostasis, 11 with Doppler, Q85 Water retention, 77 imaging studies, 10-11 Weight loss, hypertension and, 33t in pregnancy, Q69 Wernicke encephalopathy, 22 UMOD mutations, 59 White coat hypertension, 28, 29t, 35, Q14 Urea, oral, for hyponatremia, 13 Wilson disease, 24 Urea diuresis, hypernatremia and, Q57 Uremia, AKI and, 62 X Uremic frost, 76f Xanthine oxidase inhibitors, 68 183

Index Klebsiella spp., 4-5, 71 Nephritic syndrome, 46, 49-55. See also Glomerulonephritis Korotkoff sounds, 28 Nephrocalcinosis, 42t, 43 Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, 14, Q40 L Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF), 11, 37, 83 Labetalol, 39t, 40t, 73-74 Nephrolithiasis, 42t, 71-72, Q69, Q71. See also Kidney stones Lactic acid, respiratory alkalosis and, 26 Nephronophthisis, 42t Lactic acidosis, causes of, 21t Nephropathy, contrast-associated, 10-11 Lanthanum carbonate, 81t Nephrotic syndrome, 45-49, 77, Q99, Q104 Laxatives, 16, 19, Q17 Nephrotoxins, kidney disease and, 82 Lead, CTIN and, 44 Nicardipine, 39t, 40t Lenalidomide, 42t, 44 Nifedipine, 34, 71, 73 Leukemia, 42t, 43 Nitrites, urine, 4t Leukocyte esterase, urine, 4-5, 4t Nitroglycerin, 39t, 40t Leukocytes, urine, 4t, 5, 6f Nitroprusside, in acute pulmonary edema, 40t Levofloxacin, TIN and, 42t Nitrosoureas, 42t, 44 Liddle syndrome, 16, 31t, 32, 38 Non-dialytic palliative therapy, 85 Lifestyle modifications, 32-33, Q23 Nondihydropyridines, 34t Lisinopril, 34, Q4, Q27, Q39 Normal anion gap metabolic acidosis, 43t, Q17, Q80 Lithium, 42t, 44, 82 NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), 30t, 42t, 43-44, 63, 65, 82 Lithotripsy, for kidney stones, Q11 Nutrition, BUN and, 1 Livedo reticularis, AKI and, 65-66 Liver disease, 1, 13 0 Loop diuretics, 17, 24, 33, 37, 42t, 77 Obstructive sleep apnea, ESKD and, 89 Losartan, 34, Q37 Obstructive uropathy, 42t, 43-44, 62 Low-density lipids (LDLs), 77 Older patients. See Age/aging Lupus nephritis (LN), 52-54, 53t, Q45, Q107 Oliguria, AKI and, 62 Lymphomas, 42t, 43 Oliguric kidney disease, hemodialysis for, 17 Omeprazole, 42t, Q19 M Oral contraceptives, hypertension and, 40 Macroalbuminuria. See Albuminuria Orlistat, AKI and, 66 Magnesium, disorders of, 18-19 Osmolality, urine, 11 Magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals, 7f, Q38 Osmolar gap, 11, 21 Magnesium sulfate, 19 Osmotic demyelination syndrome, 13 Magnetic resonance angiography, 10-11, 37 Osmotic nephrosis, 64 Magnetic resonance imaging with contrast, 10-11 Osteitis fibrosa cystica, 79, 80f Malignancy, 1, 10, 43. See also Cancer Osteoclasts, bone resorption by, 78 Malignancy-associated monoclonal gammopathies, 42t Osteocytes, FGF-23 secretion by, 78 Malnutrition, hyponatremia and, 13 Osteomalacia, 80 Masked hypertension, 28, 29t, 35-36 Osteoporosis, 80 Mechanical hypoventilation, for respiratory alkalosis, 26 Overt proteinuria. See Albuminuria Medullary cystic kidney disease, CTIN and, 42t Oxacillin, TIN and, 42t Melanoma, immunosuppression and, 87 Oxalate nephropathy, CTIN and, 42t Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (NPGN), 55, Q89 Membranous glomerulopathy, 48-49 P Membranous nephropathy, Q3, Q7, Q75, Q85 Palliative therapy, in ESKD, Q94 Mental health, ESKD and, 89 Pantoprazole, 42t, Q12 Mesalazine, TIN and, 42t Parasitic infections, 5, 42t Metabolic acidosis, 20-26, 20t, 22t, 25f, 81-82, Q17, Q66, Q72, Q87 Parathyroid hormone (PTH), 78-79 Metabolic alkalosis, compensation in, 20t Paricalcitrol, for CKD-bone and mineral disorder, 81t Metabolic syndrome, kidney stones and, 71 Patiromer, 17, Q106 Metformin, eGFR rates and, 82 Pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis. See ANCA-associated Methanol ingestion, 22t glomerulonephritis Methicillin, TIN and, 42t Pemetrexed, 42t, 44, 65 Methotrexate, urine crystals and, 5, 67 Penicillins, TIN and, 42t Methyldopa, in pregnancy, 73 Pentamidine, 17 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy), 12 Percutaneous nephrolithotomy, 71 Methylsergide, CTIN and, 44 Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs), 84 Metolazone, for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, Q104 Peritoneal dialysis (PD), 69, 84-85. See also Hemodialysis Metoprolol, 34, 73 Peritonitis, dialysis and, 84-85 Microhematuria, 10 Peroxidase activity, blood, 3 Mineralocorticoid excess, 25, 31t, 38 pH, urine, 3, 4t Minimal change glomerulopathy (MCG), 49, Q100 Phenacetin, analgesic nephropathy and, 43-44 Minoxidil, for resistant hypertension, 36 Phentolamine, for hypertension, 39t Mitochondrial disorders, CTIN and, 42t Phenytoin, 3, 42t Mixed acid-base disorders, Q80 Pheochromocytomas, 31t, 38 Mixed uremic osteodystrophy, 80 Phosphate, serum, disorders of, 17-18 Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD), 1 Phosphate binders, 81t Monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance (MGRS), 56, 57 Phosphorus homeostasis, 78-79 Monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition diseases, 57 Pigment nephropathy, 64-65 Monoclonal immunoglobulin-associated kidney disease, 56 Pinadolol, in pregnancy, 73 MUC1 genes, 59 Piperacillin-tazobactam, 64 Multiple myeloma (MM), 42t, 43, 66, Q65 PKDi gene, 58f Mycophenolate mofetil, 49, 51, 54, 74, 86, Q107 PKD2 gene, 58f Myeloma, 3-4, 23 Plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC), 38, Q103 Myeloma cast nephropathy, 43, 56-57, Q6 Plasma cell dyscrasias, TIN and, 43 Myoglobin, nephropathy, 64 Plasma osmolality, calculation of, 21 Myoglobunuria, rhabdomyolysis and, 3 Plasma renin activity (PRA), 38, Q103 Plasmacytomas, CTIN and, 42t N Pneumococcal vaccines, for CKD patients, Q42 Nafcillin, for infection-related glomerulonephritis, Q96 Pneumocystis jiroveci, transplantation and, 86 Naproxen, adverse effects of, Q19 Podocytes, 45f, 47 Nasogastric suction, metabolic acidosis and, 24-25 Polyarteritis nodosa, 66

Klebsiella spp., 4-5, 71 Nephritic syndrome, 46, 49-55. See also Glomerulonephritis Korotkoff sounds, 28 Nephrocalcinosis, 42t, 43 Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, 14, Q40 L Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF), 11, 37, 83 Labetalol, 39t, 40t, 73-74 Nephrolithiasis, 42t, 71-72, Q69, Q71. See also Kidney stones Lactic acid, respiratory alkalosis and, 26 Nephronophthisis, 42t Lactic acidosis, causes of, 21t Nephropathy, contrast-associated, 10-11 Lanthanum carbonate, 81t Nephrotic syndrome, 45-49, 77, Q99, Q104 Laxatives, 16, 19, Q17 Nephrotoxins, kidney disease and, 82 Lead, CTIN and, 44 Nicardipine, 39t, 40t Lenalidomide, 42t, 44 Nifedipine, 34, 71, 73 Leukemia, 42t, 43 Nitrites, urine, 4t Leukocyte esterase, urine, 4-5, 4t Nitroglycerin, 39t, 40t Leukocytes, urine, 4t, 5, 6f Nitroprusside, in acute pulmonary edema, 40t Levofloxacin, TIN and, 42t Nitrosoureas, 42t, 44 Liddle syndrome, 16, 31t, 32, 38 Non-dialytic palliative therapy, 85 Lifestyle modifications, 32-33, Q23 Nondihydropyridines, 34t Lisinopril, 34, Q4, Q27, Q39 Normal anion gap metabolic acidosis, 43t, Q17, Q80 Lithium, 42t, 44, 82 NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), 30t, 42t, 43-44, 63, 65, 82 Lithotripsy, for kidney stones, Q11 Nutrition, BUN and, 1 Livedo reticularis, AKI and, 65-66 Liver disease, 1, 13 0 Loop diuretics, 17, 24, 33, 37, 42t, 77 Obstructive sleep apnea, ESKD and, 89 Losartan, 34, Q37 Obstructive uropathy, 42t, 43-44, 62 Low-density lipids (LDLs), 77 Older patients. See Age/aging Lupus nephritis (LN), 52-54, 53t, Q45, Q107 Oliguria, AKI and, 62 Lymphomas, 42t, 43 Oliguric kidney disease, hemodialysis for, 17 Omeprazole, 42t, Q19 M Oral contraceptives, hypertension and, 40 Macroalbuminuria. See Albuminuria Orlistat, AKI and, 66 Magnesium, disorders of, 18-19 Osmolality, urine, 11 Magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals, 7f, Q38 Osmolar gap, 11, 21 Magnesium sulfate, 19 Osmotic demyelination syndrome, 13 Magnetic resonance angiography, 10-11, 37 Osmotic nephrosis, 64 Magnetic resonance imaging with contrast, 10-11 Osteitis fibrosa cystica, 79, 80f Malignancy, 1, 10, 43. See also Cancer Osteoclasts, bone resorption by, 78 Malignancy-associated monoclonal gammopathies, 42t Osteocytes, FGF-23 secretion by, 78 Malnutrition, hyponatremia and, 13 Osteomalacia, 80 Masked hypertension, 28, 29t, 35-36 Osteoporosis, 80 Mechanical hypoventilation, for respiratory alkalosis, 26 Overt proteinuria. See Albuminuria Medullary cystic kidney disease, CTIN and, 42t Oxacillin, TIN and, 42t Melanoma, immunosuppression and, 87 Oxalate nephropathy, CTIN and, 42t Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (NPGN), 55, Q89 Membranous glomerulopathy, 48-49 P Membranous nephropathy, Q3, Q7, Q75, Q85 Palliative therapy, in ESKD, Q94 Mental health, ESKD and, 89 Pantoprazole, 42t, Q12 Mesalazine, TIN and, 42t Parasitic infections, 5, 42t Metabolic acidosis, 20-26, 20t, 22t, 25f, 81-82, Q17, Q66, Q72, Q87 Parathyroid hormone (PTH), 78-79 Metabolic alkalosis, compensation in, 20t Paricalcitrol, for CKD-bone and mineral disorder, 81t Metabolic syndrome, kidney stones and, 71 Patiromer, 17, Q106 Metformin, eGFR rates and, 82 Pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis. See ANCA-associated Methanol ingestion, 22t glomerulonephritis Methicillin, TIN and, 42t Pemetrexed, 42t, 44, 65 Methotrexate, urine crystals and, 5, 67 Penicillins, TIN and, 42t Methyldopa, in pregnancy, 73 Pentamidine, 17 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy), 12 Percutaneous nephrolithotomy, 71 Methylsergide, CTIN and, 44 Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs), 84 Metolazone, for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, Q104 Peritoneal dialysis (PD), 69, 84-85. See also Hemodialysis Metoprolol, 34, 73 Peritonitis, dialysis and, 84-85 Microhematuria, 10 Peroxidase activity, blood, 3 Mineralocorticoid excess, 25, 31t, 38 pH, urine, 3, 4t Minimal change glomerulopathy (MCG), 49, Q100 Phenacetin, analgesic nephropathy and, 43-44 Minoxidil, for resistant hypertension, 36 Phentolamine, for hypertension, 39t Mitochondrial disorders, CTIN and, 42t Phenytoin, 3, 42t Mixed acid-base disorders, Q80 Pheochromocytomas, 31t, 38 Mixed uremic osteodystrophy, 80 Phosphate, serum, disorders of, 17-18 Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD), 1 Phosphate binders, 81t Monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance (MGRS), 56, 57 Phosphorus homeostasis, 78-79 Monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition diseases, 57 Pigment nephropathy, 64-65 Monoclonal immunoglobulin-associated kidney disease, 56 Pinadolol, in pregnancy, 73 MUC1 genes, 59 Piperacillin-tazobactam, 64 Multiple myeloma (MM), 42t, 43, 66, Q65 PKDi gene, 58f Mycophenolate mofetil, 49, 51, 54, 74, 86, Q107 PKD2 gene, 58f Myeloma, 3-4, 23 Plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC), 38, Q103 Myeloma cast nephropathy, 43, 56-57, Q6 Plasma cell dyscrasias, TIN and, 43 Myoglobin, nephropathy, 64 Plasma osmolality, calculation of, 21 Myoglobunuria, rhabdomyolysis and, 3 Plasma renin activity (PRA), 38, Q103 Plasmacytomas, CTIN and, 42t N Pneumococcal vaccines, for CKD patients, Q42 Nafcillin, for infection-related glomerulonephritis, Q96 Pneumocystis jiroveci, transplantation and, 86 Naproxen, adverse effects of, Q19 Podocytes, 45f, 47 Nasogastric suction, metabolic acidosis and, 24-25 Polyarteritis nodosa, 66 181

Index Klebsiella spp., 4-5, 71 Nephritic syndrome, 46, 49-55. See also Glomerulonephritis Korotkoff sounds, 28 Nephrocalcinosis, 42t, 43 Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, 14, Q40 L Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF), 11, 37, 83 Labetalol, 39t, 40t, 73-74 Nephrolithiasis, 42t, 71-72, Q69, Q71. See also Kidney stones Lactic acid, respiratory alkalosis and, 26 Nephronophthisis, 42t Lactic acidosis, causes of, 21t Nephropathy, contrast-associated, 10-11 Lanthanum carbonate, 81t Nephrotic syndrome, 45-49, 77, Q99, Q104 Laxatives, 16, 19, Q17 Nephrotoxins, kidney disease and, 82 Lead, CTIN and, 44 Nicardipine, 39t, 40t Lenalidomide, 42t, 44 Nifedipine, 34, 71, 73 Leukemia, 42t, 43 Nitrites, urine, 4t Leukocyte esterase, urine, 4-5, 4t Nitroglycerin, 39t, 40t Leukocytes, urine, 4t, 5, 6f Nitroprusside, in acute pulmonary edema, 40t Levofloxacin, TIN and, 42t Nitrosoureas, 42t, 44 Liddle syndrome, 16, 31t, 32, 38 Non-dialytic palliative therapy, 85 Lifestyle modifications, 32-33, Q23 Nondihydropyridines, 34t Lisinopril, 34, Q4, Q27, Q39 Normal anion gap metabolic acidosis, 43t, Q17, Q80 Lithium, 42t, 44, 82 NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), 30t, 42t, 43-44, 63, 65, 82 Lithotripsy, for kidney stones, Q11 Nutrition, BUN and, 1 Livedo reticularis, AKI and, 65-66 Liver disease, 1, 13 0 Loop diuretics, 17, 24, 33, 37, 42t, 77 Obstructive sleep apnea, ESKD and, 89 Losartan, 34, Q37 Obstructive uropathy, 42t, 43-44, 62 Low-density lipids (LDLs), 77 Older patients. See Age/aging Lupus nephritis (LN), 52-54, 53t, Q45, Q107 Oliguria, AKI and, 62 Lymphomas, 42t, 43 Oliguric kidney disease, hemodialysis for, 17 Omeprazole, 42t, Q19 M Oral contraceptives, hypertension and, 40 Macroalbuminuria. See Albuminuria Orlistat, AKI and, 66 Magnesium, disorders of, 18-19 Osmolality, urine, 11 Magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals, 7f, Q38 Osmolar gap, 11, 21 Magnesium sulfate, 19 Osmotic demyelination syndrome, 13 Magnetic resonance angiography, 10-11, 37 Osmotic nephrosis, 64 Magnetic resonance imaging with contrast, 10-11 Osteitis fibrosa cystica, 79, 80f Malignancy, 1, 10, 43. See also Cancer Osteoclasts, bone resorption by, 78 Malignancy-associated monoclonal gammopathies, 42t Osteocytes, FGF-23 secretion by, 78 Malnutrition, hyponatremia and, 13 Osteomalacia, 80 Masked hypertension, 28, 29t, 35-36 Osteoporosis, 80 Mechanical hypoventilation, for respiratory alkalosis, 26 Overt proteinuria. See Albuminuria Medullary cystic kidney disease, CTIN and, 42t Oxacillin, TIN and, 42t Melanoma, immunosuppression and, 87 Oxalate nephropathy, CTIN and, 42t Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (NPGN), 55, Q89 Membranous glomerulopathy, 48-49 P Membranous nephropathy, Q3, Q7, Q75, Q85 Palliative therapy, in ESKD, Q94 Mental health, ESKD and, 89 Pantoprazole, 42t, Q12 Mesalazine, TIN and, 42t Parasitic infections, 5, 42t Metabolic acidosis, 20-26, 20t, 22t, 25f, 81-82, Q17, Q66, Q72, Q87 Parathyroid hormone (PTH), 78-79 Metabolic alkalosis, compensation in, 20t Paricalcitrol, for CKD-bone and mineral disorder, 81t Metabolic syndrome, kidney stones and, 71 Patiromer, 17, Q106 Metformin, eGFR rates and, 82 Pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis. See ANCA-associated Methanol ingestion, 22t glomerulonephritis Methicillin, TIN and, 42t Pemetrexed, 42t, 44, 65 Methotrexate, urine crystals and, 5, 67 Penicillins, TIN and, 42t Methyldopa, in pregnancy, 73 Pentamidine, 17 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy), 12 Percutaneous nephrolithotomy, 71 Methylsergide, CTIN and, 44 Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs), 84 Metolazone, for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, Q104 Peritoneal dialysis (PD), 69, 84-85. See also Hemodialysis Metoprolol, 34, 73 Peritonitis, dialysis and, 84-85 Microhematuria, 10 Peroxidase activity, blood, 3 Mineralocorticoid excess, 25, 31t, 38 DH, urine, 3, 4t Minimal change glomerulopathy (MCG), 49, Q100 Phenacetin, analgesic nephropathy and, 43-44 Minoxidil, for resistant hypertension, 36 Phentolamine, for hypertension, 39t Mitochondrial disorders, CTIN and, 42t Phenytoin, 3, 42t Mixed acid-base disorders, Q80 Pheochromocytomas, 31t, 38 Mixed uremic osteodystrophy, 80 Phosphate, serum, disorders of, 17-18 Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD), 1 Phosphate binders, 81t Monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance (MGRS), 56, 57 Phosphorus homeostasis, 78-79 Monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition diseases, 57 Pigment nephropathy, 64-65 Monoclonal immunoglobulin-associated kidney disease, 56 Pinadolol, in pregnancy, 73 MUCI1 genes, 59 Piperacillin-tazobactam, 64 Multiple myeloma (MM), 42t, 43, 66, Q65 PKD1 gene, 58f Mycophenolate mofetil, 49, 51, 54, 74, 86, Q107 PKD2 gene, 58f Myeloma, 3-4, 23 Plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC), 38, Q103 Myeloma cast nephropathy, 43, 56-57, Q6 Plasma cell dyscrasias, TIN and, 43 Myoglobin, nephropathy, 64 Plasma osmolality, calculation of, 21 Myoglobunuria, rhabdomyolysis and, 3 Plasma renin activity (PRA), 38, Q103 Plasmacytomas, CTIN and, 42t N Pneumococcal vaccines, for CKD patients, Q42 Nafcillin, for infection-related glomerulonephritis, Q96 Pneumocystis jiroveci, transplantation and, 86 Naproxen, adverse effects of, Q19 Podocytes, 45f, 47 Nasogastric suction, metabolic acidosis and, 24-25 Polyarteritis nodosa, 66

Klebsiella spp., 4-5, 71 Nephritic syndrome, 46, 49-55. See also Glomerulonephritis Korotkoff sounds, 28 Nephrocalcinosis, 42t, 43 Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, 14, Q40 L Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF), 11, 37, 83 Labetalol, 39t, 40t, 73-74 Nephrolithiasis, 42t, 71-72, Q69, Q71. See also Kidney stones Lactic acid, respiratory alkalosis and, 26 Nephronophthisis, 42t Lactic acidosis, causes of, 21t Nephropathy, contrast-associated, 10-11 Lanthanum carbonate, 81t Nephrotic syndrome, 45-49, 77, Q99, Q104 Laxatives, 16, 19, Q17 Nephrotoxins, kidney disease and, 82 Lead, CTIN and, 44 Nicardipine, 39t, 40t Lenalidomide, 42t, 44 Nifedipine, 34, 71, 73 Leukemia, 42t, 43 Nitrites, urine, 4t Leukocyte esterase, urine, 4-5, 4t Nitroglycerin, 39t, 40t Leukocytes, urine, 4t, 5, 6f Nitroprusside, in acute pulmonary edema, 40t Levofloxacin, TIN and, 42t Nitrosoureas, 42t, 44 Liddle syndrome, 16, 31t, 32, 38 Non-dialytic palliative therapy, 85 Lifestyle modifications, 32-33, Q23 Nondihydropyridines, 34t Lisinopril, 34, Q4, Q27, Q39 Normal anion gap metabolic acidosis, 43t, Q17, Q80 Lithium, 42t, 44, 82 NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), 30t, 42t, 43-44, 63, 65, 82 Lithotripsy, for kidney stones, Q11 Nutrition, BUN and, 1 Livedo reticularis, AKI and, 65-66 Liver disease, 1, 13 0 Loop diuretics, 17, 24, 33, 37, 42t, 77 Obstructive sleep apnea, ESKD and, 89 Losartan, 34, Q37 Obstructive uropathy, 42t, 43-44, 62 Low-density lipids (LDLs), 77 Older patients. See Age/aging Lupus nephritis (LN), 52-54, 53t, Q45, Q107 Oliguria, AKI and, 62 Lymphomas, 42t, 43 Oliguric kidney disease, hemodialysis for, 17 Omeprazole, 42t, Q19 M Oral contraceptives, hypertension and, 40 Macroalbuminuria. See Albuminuria Orlistat, AKI and, 66 Magnesium, disorders of, 18-19 Osmolality, urine, 11 Magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals, 7f, Q38 Osmolar gap, 11, 21 Magnesium sulfate, 19 Osmotic demyelination syndrome, 13 Magnetic resonance angiography, 10-11, 37 Osmotic nephrosis, 64 Magnetic resonance imaging with contrast, 10-11 Osteitis fibrosa cystica, 79, 80f Malignancy, 1, 10, 43. See also Cancer Osteoclasts, bone resorption by, 78 Malignancy-associated monoclonal gammopathies, 42t Osteocytes, FGF-23 secretion by, 78 Malnutrition, hyponatremia and, 13 Osteomalacia, 80 Masked hypertension, 28, 29t, 35-36 Osteoporosis, 80 Mechanical hypoventilation, for respiratory alkalosis, 26 Overt proteinuria. See Albuminuria Medullary cystic kidney disease, CTIN and, 42t Oxacillin, TIN and, 42t Melanoma, immunosuppression and, 87 Oxalate nephropathy, CTIN and, 42t Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (NPGN), 55, Q89 Membranous glomerulopathy, 48-49 P Membranous nephropathy, Q3, Q7, Q75, Q85 Palliative therapy, in ESKD, Q94 Mental health, ESKD and, 89 Pantoprazole, 42t, Q12 Mesalazine, TIN and, 42t Parasitic infections, 5, 42t Metabolic acidosis, 20-26, 20t, 22t, 25f, 81-82, Q17, Q66, Q72, Q87 Parathyroid hormone (PTH), 78-79 Metabolic alkalosis, compensation in, 20t Paricalcitrol, for CKD-bone and mineral disorder, 81t Metabolic syndrome, kidney stones and, 71 Patiromer, 17, Q106 Metformin, eGFR rates and, 82 Pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis. See ANCA-associated Methanol ingestion, 22t glomerulonephritis Methicillin, TIN and, 42t Pemetrexed, 42t, 44, 65 Methotrexate, urine crystals and, 5, 67 Penicillins, TIN and, 42t Methyldopa, in pregnancy, 73 Pentamidine, 17 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy), 12 Percutaneous nephrolithotomy, 71 Methylsergide, CTIN and, 44 Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs), 84 Metolazone, for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, Q104 Peritoneal dialysis (PD), 69, 84-85. See also Hemodialysis Metoprolol, 34, 73 Peritonitis, dialysis and, 84-85 Microhematuria, 10 Peroxidase activity, blood, 3 Mineralocorticoid excess, 25, 31t, 38 DH, urine, 3, 4t Minimal change glomerulopathy (MCG), 49, Q100 Phenacetin, analgesic nephropathy and, 43-44 Minoxidil, for resistant hypertension, 36 Phentolamine, for hypertension, 39t Mitochondrial disorders, CTIN and, 42t Phenytoin, 3, 42t Mixed acid-base disorders, Q80 Pheochromocytomas, 31t, 38 Mixed uremic osteodystrophy, 80 Phosphate, serum, disorders of, 17-18 Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD), 1 Phosphate binders, 81t Monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance (MGRS), 56, 57 Phosphorus homeostasis, 78-79 Monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition diseases, 57 Pigment nephropathy, 64-65 Monoclonal immunoglobulin-associated kidney disease, 56 Pinadolol, in pregnancy, 73 MUCI1 genes, 59 Piperacillin-tazobactam, 64 Multiple myeloma (MM), 42t, 43, 66, Q65 PKD1 gene, 58f Mycophenolate mofetil, 49, 51, 54, 74, 86, Q107 PKD2 gene, 58f Myeloma, 3-4, 23 Plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC), 38, Q103 Myeloma cast nephropathy, 43, 56-57, Q6 Plasma cell dyscrasias, TIN and, 43 Myoglobin, nephropathy, 64 Plasma osmolality, calculation of, 21 Myoglobunuria, rhabdomyolysis and, 3 Plasma renin activity (PRA), 38, Q103 Plasmacytomas, CTIN and, 42t N Pneumococcal vaccines, for CKD patients, Q42 Nafcillin, for infection-related glomerulonephritis, Q96 Pneumocystis jiroveci, transplantation and, 86 Naproxen, adverse effects of, Q19 Podocytes, 45f, 47 Nasogastric suction, metabolic acidosis and, 24-25 Polyarteritis nodosa, 66 181

Coccidioidomycosis screening, 87 Electrophoresis, urine proteins, 9 Cockcroft-Gault equation (CGE), 2t, 3 Empagliflozin, glucosuria and, 4 Collagen type IV-related nephropathies, 55, 59 Enalapril, for hypertension, 34, 39t Combination therapy for hypertension, Q32 Endocapillary proliferation, 54 Computed tomographic angiography (CTA), 37, Q48 End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) Computed tomography (CT), 10, Q3, Q71 calciphylaxis in, Q47 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypertension and, 31t complications of, 88-89 Congenital chloridorrhea, 25 definition of, 84 Congenital reflux nephropathy, renal cysts in, Q5 diabetes and, 46 Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), 69. See also Renal dialysis in, Q67 replacement therapy (RRT) glomerular disease and, 44-45 Contraceptives, blood pressure and, 30t goals of care in, 85t Contrast agents, 11, 37, 62, 64, 83 hepatitis C treatment and, Q34 Contrast-associated acute tubular necrosis, Q43 hydronephrosis in, Q101 Contrast-associated nephropathy (CAN), 10-11, 67-68, 83, Q2 hypertension and, 36-37, Q94 Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN), 67-68 Enterobacter spp., nitrite tests and, 4-5 Coronary artery disease (CAD), CKD and, 77-78 Eosinophils, urine, 5 Creatine, creatinine and, 1 Ephedra, blood pressure and, 30t Creatinine, 1, 2t, 62, 74, Q55 Episodic hypertension, 28 Creatinine clearance (CrCl), 2t Epithelial cells, urine, 5 Creatinine-cystatin equation, 2t, 76 Epithelial sodium channel blockers, 34 Cryoglobulinemia, 55, 57 Eplerenone, 34, 36, Q79 Cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis, Q81 Epstein-Barr virus, immunosuppression and, 87 Crystal-induced acute kidney injury, Q105 Erythrocyte transfusions, 81 Crystalluria, 5-8 Erythrocytes, urine, 4t, 5, 6f, 46 Crystals, urinalysis and, 4t Erythropoietin-stimulating agents (ESAs), 30t, 81 CTIN. See Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis (CTIN) Escherichia coli, nitrite tests and, 4-5 Cushing syndrome, 31t, 38 ESKD. See End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) CVD. See Cardiovascular disease (CVD) Esmolol, 39t, 40t, Q30 Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, 24, 82 Etelcalcetide, for CKD-bone and mineral disorder, 81t Cyclosporine, 42t, 63, 74, 86 Ethanol, blood pressure and, 30t Cystatin C, 1, 2t, Q98 Ethylene glycol, anion gap acidosis and, 22t, 23 Cystic kidney disease, ESKD and, 88 Exercise, hypertension management and, 33t Cystine kidney stones, 7f, 70t, 71 Eyes, sustained hypertension and, 27 Cystinuria, cystine stones and, 71 Cystoscopy, indications for, 10, Q33 F Cystoscopy with retrograde pyelograph, Q95 Fabry disease, 59-60 Cysts, ultrasonographic imaging, 10 Familial hyperaldosteronism type 1, 38 Cytomegalovirus (CMV), transplantation and, 86 Famotidine, Q10 Fanconi syndrome, 23, 43, 43t D Febuxostat, for uric acid prevention, 68 DASH diet, 32-33 Felodipine, 34 Decongestants, blood pressure and, 30t Fenoldopam, 39t, 40t Delta-delta (A-A) ratio, 20 Ferric carboxymaltose, 18, Q78 Demeclocycline, ADH action and, 13 Ferric citrate, 81t Deposition diseases, 55-58, 56f Fibrillary and immunotactoid glomerulopathy, 57 Depression, ESKD and, 89 Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23), 18, 78-79 Desmopressin, 13, 14, Q90 Fibromuscular dysplasia, 37-38, Q48 Diabetes insipidus, 14, 64, Q40 Flank pain, 70, Q69, Q71 Diabetes mellitus (DM), 32, 40, 82, Q29, Q37, Q39 Fluconazole, coccidioidomycosis prophylaxis using, 87 Diabetic ketoacidosis, 4, 18, 21-22 Fludrocortisone, 17, 24 Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), 24, 46-47, Q108 Fluid intake, 71, Q60 Dialysis, 37, 84-85, Q67. See also Hemodialysis; Peritoneal dialysis (PD) Fluids, electrolytes and, 11-19 Diarrhea, 16, 19 Fluoroquinolones, TIN and, 42t Diastolic blood pressure, 28 Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), 47-48, 48f, Q36, Q104 Dihydropyridines, for hypertension, 34, 34t, 39t Fomepizole, for ethylene glycol intoxication, 66 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D, 78, 79 Fungal infections, CTIN and, 42t Diltiazem, for hypertension, 34 Furosemide, 13, 34, 37, Q4, Q61, Q82 1,3-Dimethylamine, blood pressure and, 30t Dipstick tests, urine, 3-5 G Diuretics, 17, 33-34, 37, 42t, Q56. See also Loop diuretics; Thiazide diuretics Gabapentin, for pruritus, 89 DKD. See Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) Gadolinium, NSF induced by, 37 DM. See Diabetes mellitus (DM) Gadolinium-based contrast media (GBCM), 83 Dolutegravir, creatinine secretion and, 1 Gastrointestinal reflux disease, Q10 Doxazosin, for resistant hypertension, 36 Gastrointestinal therapeutics, TIN and, 42t Doxercalciferol, for CKD-bone and mineral disorder, 81t Gender, hypertension and, 40 Drugs of abuse, 42t, 44 Genetic disorders, 58-60 Dyslipidemias, 77, 87 Gestational hypertension, 73 Dysproteinemias, 24 Gitelman syndrome, 16, 25-26, Q87 Glomerular basement membrane (GBM), 45f, 59 E Glomerular crescents, 50f Eclampsia, 40t, 73-74 Glomerular diseases, 44-46 Ecstasy (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine), 12 Glomerular filtration rates (GFR), 1-3, 3f, 43t Edema Glomerulonephritis. See also Nephritic syndrome AKI and, Q100 categorization of, 50t cerebral, 11 causes of, Q89 control of, 45-46 cryoglobinemic, Q81 minimal change glomerulopathy and, Q100 diagnosis of, Q21 nephrotic syndrome-associated, Q104 dysmorphic erythrocytes and, 5 Electrocardiography (ECG), 15f, 31 infection-related, Q96 Electrolyte abnormalities, AKI and, 62 urine eosinophils and, 5 Electrolytes, fluids and, 11-19 Glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) receptor agonist, 82

Coccidioidomycosis screening, 87 Electrophoresis, urine proteins, 9 Cockcroft-Gault equation (CGE), 2t, 3 Empagliflozin, glucosuria and, 4 Collagen type IV-related nephropathies, 55, 59 Enalapril, for hypertension, 34, 39t Combination therapy for hypertension, Q32 Endocapillary proliferation, 54 Computed tomographic angiography (CTA), 37, Q48 End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) Computed tomography (CT), 10, Q3, Q71 calciphylaxis in, Q47 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypertension and, 31t complications of, 88-89 Congenital chloridorrhea, 25 definition of, 84 Congenital reflux nephropathy, renal cysts in, Q5 diabetes and, 46 Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), 69. See also Renal dialysis in, Q67 replacement therapy (RRT) glomerular disease and, 44-45 Contraceptives, blood pressure and, 30t goals of care in, 85t Contrast agents, 11, 37, 62, 64, 83 hepatitis C treatment and, Q34 Contrast-associated acute tubular necrosis, Q43 hydronephrosis in, Q101 Contrast-associated nephropathy (CAN), 10-11, 67-68, 83, Q2 hypertension and, 36-37, Q94 Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN), 67-68 Enterobacter spp., nitrite tests and, 4-5 Coronary artery disease (CAD), CKD and, 77-78 Eosinophils, urine, 5 Creatine, creatinine and, 1 Ephedra, blood pressure and, 30t Creatinine, 1, 2t, 62, 74, Q55 Episodic hypertension, 28 Creatinine clearance (CrCl), 2t Epithelial cells, urine, 5 Creatinine-cystatin equation, 2t, 76 Epithelial sodium channel blockers, 34 Cryoglobulinemia, 55, 57 Eplerenone, 34, 36, Q79 Cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis, Q81 Epstein-Barr virus, immunosuppression and, 87 Crystal-induced acute kidney injury, Q105 Erythrocyte transfusions, 81 Crystalluria, 5-8 Erythrocytes, urine, 4t, 5, 6f, 46 Crystals, urinalysis and, 4t Erythropoietin-stimulating agents (ESAs), 30t, 81 CTIN. See Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis (CTIN) Escherichia coli, nitrite tests and, 4-5 Cushing syndrome, 31t, 38 ESKD. See End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) CVD. See Cardiovascular disease (CVD) Esmolol, 39t, 40t, Q30 Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, 24, 82 Etelcalcetide, for CKD-bone and mineral disorder, 81t Cyclosporine, 42t, 63, 74, 86 Ethanol, blood pressure and, 30t Cystatin C, 1, 2t, Q98 Ethylene glycol, anion gap acidosis and, 22t, 23 Cystic kidney disease, ESKD and, 88 Exercise, hypertension management and, 33t Cystine kidney stones, 7f, 70t, 71 Eyes, sustained hypertension and, 27 Cystinuria, cystine stones and, 71 Cystoscopy, indications for, 10, Q33 F Cystoscopy with retrograde pyelograph, Q95 Fabry disease, 59-60 Cysts, ultrasonographic imaging, 10 Familial hyperaldosteronism type 1, 38 Cytomegalovirus (CMV), transplantation and, 86 Famotidine, Q10 Fanconi syndrome, 23, 43, 43t D Febuxostat, for uric acid prevention, 68 DASH diet, 32-33 Felodipine, 34 Decongestants, blood pressure and, 30t Fenoldopam, 39t, 40t Delta-delta (A-A) ratio, 20 Ferric carboxymaltose, 18, Q78 Demeclocycline, ADH action and, 13 Ferric citrate, 81t Deposition diseases, 55-58, 56f Fibrillary and immunotactoid glomerulopathy, 57 Depression, ESKD and, 89 Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23), 18, 78-79 Desmopressin, 13, 14, Q90 Fibromuscular dysplasia, 37-38, Q48 Diabetes insipidus, 14, 64, Q40 Flank pain, 70, Q69, Q71 Diabetes mellitus (DM), 32, 40, 82, Q29, Q37, Q39 Fluconazole, coccidioidomycosis prophylaxis using, 87 Diabetic ketoacidosis, 4, 18, 21-22 Fludrocortisone, 17, 24 Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), 24, 46-47, Q108 Fluid intake, 71, Q60 Dialysis, 37, 84-85, Q67. See also Hemodialysis; Peritoneal dialysis (PD) Fluids, electrolytes and, 11-19 Diarrhea, 16, 19 Fluoroquinolones, TIN and, 42t Diastolic blood pressure, 28 Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), 47-48, 48f, Q36, Q104 Dihydropyridines, for hypertension, 34, 34t, 39t Fomepizole, for ethylene glycol intoxication, 66 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D, 78, 79 Fungal infections, CTIN and, 42t Diltiazem, for hypertension, 34 Furosemide, 13, 34, 37, Q4, Q61, Q82 1,3-Dimethylamine, blood pressure and, 30t Dipstick tests, urine, 3-5 G Diuretics, 17, 33-34, 37, 42t, Q56. See also Loop diuretics; Thiazide diuretics Gabapentin, for pruritus, 89 DKD. See Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) Gadolinium, NSF induced by, 37 DM. See Diabetes mellitus (DM) Gadolinium-based contrast media (GBCM), 83 Dolutegravir, creatinine secretion and, 1 Gastrointestinal reflux disease, Q10 Doxazosin, for resistant hypertension, 36 Gastrointestinal therapeutics, TIN and, 42t Doxercalciferol, for CKD-bone and mineral disorder, 81t Gender, hypertension and, 40 Drugs of abuse, 42t, 44 Genetic disorders, 58-60 Dyslipidemias, 77, 87 Gestational hypertension, 73 Dysproteinemias, 24 Gitelman syndrome, 16, 25-26, Q87 Glomerular basement membrane (GBM), 45f, 59 E Glomerular crescents, 50f Eclampsia, 40t, 73-74 Glomerular diseases, 44-46 Ecstasy (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine), 12 Glomerular filtration rates (GFR), 1-3, 3f, 43t Edema Glomerulonephritis. See also Nephritic syndrome AKI and, Q100 categorization of, 50t cerebral, 11 causes of, Q89 control of, 45-46 cryoglobinemic, Q81 minimal change glomerulopathy and, Q100 diagnosis of, Q21 nephrotic syndrome-associated, Q104 dysmorphic erythrocytes and, 5 Electrocardiography (ECG), 15f, 31 infection-related, Q96 Electrolyte abnormalities, AKI and, 62 urine eosinophils and, 5 Electrolytes, fluids and, 11-19 Glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) receptor agonist, 82 179