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Meningococcal ACWYX Conjugate Vaccine in 2-to-29-Year-Olds in Mali and Gambia. BACKGROUND: An effective, affordable, multivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine is needed to prevent epidemic meningitis in the African meningitis belt. Data on the safety and immunogenicity of NmCV-5, a pentavalent vaccine targeting the A, C, W, Y, and X serogroups, have been limited. METHODS: We conducted a phase 3, noninferiority trial involving healthy 2-to-29-year-olds in Mali and Gambia. Participants were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive a single intramuscular dose of NmCV-5 or the quadrivalent vaccine MenACWY-D. Immunogenicity was assessed at day 28. The noninferiority of NmCV-5 to MenACWY-D was assessed on the basis of the difference in the percentage of participants with a seroresponse (defined as prespecified changes in titer; margin, lower limit of the 96% confidence interval [CI] above -10 percentage points) or geometric mean titer (GMT) ratios (margin, lower limit of the 98.98% CI >0.5). Serogroup X responses in the NmCV-5 group were compared with the lowest response among the MenACWY-D serogroups. Safety was also assessed. RESULTS: A total of 1800 participants received NmCV-5 or MenACWY-D. In the NmCV-5 group, the percentage of participants with a seroresponse ranged from 70.5% (95% CI, 67.8 to 73.2) for serogroup A to 98.5% (95% CI, 97.6 to 99.2) for serogroup W; the percentage with a serogroup X response was 97.2% (95% CI, 96.0 to 98.1). The overall difference between the two vaccines in seroresponse for the four shared serogroups ranged from 1.2 percentage points (96% CI, -0.3 to 3.1) for serogroup W to 20.5 percentage points (96% CI, 15.4 to 25.6) for serogroup A. The overall GMT ratios for the four shared serogroups ranged from 1.7 (98.98% CI, 1.5 to 1.9) for serogroup A to 2.8 (98.98% CI, 2.3 to 3.5) for serogroup C. The serogroup X component of the NmCV-5 vaccine generated seroresponses and GMTs that met the prespecified noninferiority criteria. The incidence of systemic adverse events was similar in the two groups (11.1% in the NmCV-5 group and 9.2% in the MenACWY-D group). CONCLUSIONS: For all four serotypes in common with the MenACWY-D vaccine, the NmCV-5 vaccine elicited immune responses that were noninferior to those elicited by the MenACWY-D vaccine. NmCV-5 also elicited immune responses to serogroup X. No safety concerns were evident. (Funded by the U.K. Foreign, Commonwealth, and Development Office and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03964012.).

We conducted a two-center, phase 3, observer-blind, randomized, active-controlled, non-inferiority trial in Mali and The Gambia. Following screening for eligibility based on defined inclusion and exclusion criteria (Supplementary Material), 600 participants were enrolled in each of three age groups: 2-10-years, 11-17-years, 18-29-years. All participants (≥18 years), or their parents/guardians, provided written informed consent. Participants aged ≥13 years (Mali) or ≥12 years (The Gambia) also provided written assent. For full details of study conduct see protocol at nejm.org. The responsibilities of the given authors for the design, conduct, analysis, and publication of the study are outlined in the Supplementary Material. The trial was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice Guidelines. It was approved by the research ethics committee of the Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d’Odonto-Stomatologie, Mali; the Institutional Review Board of the University of Maryland School of Medicine, USA; the Gambia Government/MRC Joint Ethics Committee, The Gambia; and the Western Institutional Review Board. Regulatory approval was obtained from Directorate of Pharmacy and Medicine, Mali and the Medicines Control Agency, The Gambia. A data safety monitoring board oversaw the trial.

of Maryland School of Medicine, USA; the Gambia Government/MRC Joint Ethics Committee, The Gambia; and the Western Institutional Review Board. Regulatory approval was obtained from Directorate of Pharmacy and Medicine, Mali and the Medicines Control Agency, The Gambia. A data safety monitoring board oversaw the trial. Eligible participants within each age category were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive either NmCV-5 (n=400) or MenACWY-D (n=200). Randomization was undertaken using a web-based system, according to a permuted block randomization scheme. Randomization, vaccine preparation and administration were undertaken by unblind personnel who were not involved in other participant-related procedures or endpoint collection. Parents, participants, and all other trial staff were blind to treatment allocation. A single 0.5 mL dose of NmCV-5 contains 5 µg of meningococcal serogroups A and X polysaccharides conjugated to tetanus toxoid and 5 µg of meningococcal serogroups C, W, and Y polysaccharides conjugated to recombinant cross-reactive material-197. A single dose of MenACWY-D contains 4 µg each of meningococcal A, C, W, and Y polysaccharides conjugated to diphtheria toxoid (Supplementary Material). The vaccines were administered by intramuscular injection into the deltoid muscle using a 23G 25mm needle.

arides conjugated to recombinant cross-reactive material-197. A single dose of MenACWY-D contains 4 µg each of meningococcal A, C, W, and Y polysaccharides conjugated to diphtheria toxoid (Supplementary Material). The vaccines were administered by intramuscular injection into the deltoid muscle using a 23G 25mm needle. The trial had two primary objectives. First, to demonstrate the immune responses to meningococcal serogroups A, C, W and Y generated by NmCV-5 were non-inferior to those generated by MenACWY-D. Second, to demonstrate the immune responses to meningococcal serogroup X generated by NmCV-5 were non-inferior to the lowest immune response generated by MenACWY-D against serogroups A, C, W and Y. Comparison to the lowest response generated against the serogroups in MenACWY-D was made following regulatory agreement in the absence of a licensed serogroup X comparator vaccine. Serum samples collected pre- and on day 28 post-vaccination were tested for serogroup-specific serum bactericidal activity using rabbit complement (rSBA).18,19 Immune responses were defined in terms of two primary endpoints; serogroup-specific rSBA seroresponse rates and geometric mean titres (GMT) measured 28 days after vaccination. Seroresponse rate was defined as the percentage of participants with post-vaccination rSBA titre of ≥ 32 in those with a pre-vaccination titre of < 8 or at least four times as high as pre-vaccination titre in those with a pre-vaccination titre of ≥ 8. Secondary endpoints included the percentage of participants with rSBA titres ≥ 8 and ≥ 128 pre- and on day 28 post-vaccination, and data related to the safety and tolerability of NmCV-5. Details of the visit schedule are provided in the Supplementary Material.

ination titre in those with a pre-vaccination titre of ≥ 8. Secondary endpoints included the percentage of participants with rSBA titres ≥ 8 and ≥ 128 pre- and on day 28 post-vaccination, and data related to the safety and tolerability of NmCV-5. Details of the visit schedule are provided in the Supplementary Material. Solicited injection-site and systemic adverse events were collected and graded for severity on the day of vaccination and for a further six days post-vaccination through home-visits conducted by trained fieldworkers. Unsolicited adverse events were collected by study clinicians from the day of vaccination and for a further 28 days post-vaccination and were graded for severity. Solicited systemic events and unsolicited events were judged by the investigator for relatedness to vaccination. Serious adverse events (SAE) were collected for 168 days post-vaccination (Supplementary Material).

icians from the day of vaccination and for a further 28 days post-vaccination and were graded for severity. Solicited systemic events and unsolicited events were judged by the investigator for relatedness to vaccination. Serious adverse events (SAE) were collected for 168 days post-vaccination (Supplementary Material). The immunological non-inferiority of NmCV-5 compared to MenACWY-D was assessed based on achieving the criteria set for either of the two primary endpoints. A prospective alpha allocation scheme was employed for multiplicity adjustment. One-sided significance levels of 0.02 and 0.0051 were applied to non-inferiority testing for seroresponse rates with a margin of −10% and GMTs with a margin of 0.5, respectively. The difference in the percentages of participants with serogroup-specific seroresponse between NmCV-5 and MenACWY-D (seroresponseNmCV-5 – seroresponseMenACWY-D) was calculated with its two-sided 96% confidence interval (CI) obtained using the Miettinen and Nurminen method.20 The ratio of the GMTs between the NmCV-5 and MenACWY-D (GMTNmCV-5/GMTMenACWY-D) against each serogroup were calculated with its two-sided 98.98% CI. For each serogroup, the log2-transformed rSBA titres were used to construct a two-sided 98.98% CI for the mean difference between the two vaccine groups using analysis of covariance with log2-transformed baseline titres as a covariate. Age, sex, and study site were evaluated for inclusion in the model using stepwise selection. The mean difference and corresponding 98.98% CI limits were exponentiated to obtain the ratio of GMTs and the corresponding 98.98% CI.

ne groups using analysis of covariance with log2-transformed baseline titres as a covariate. Age, sex, and study site were evaluated for inclusion in the model using stepwise selection. The mean difference and corresponding 98.98% CI limits were exponentiated to obtain the ratio of GMTs and the corresponding 98.98% CI. The sample size and power calculations are provided in the Supplementary Material. The primary immunogenicity and safety analyses were conducted on the per protocol and safety populations, respectively (Supplementary Material). All statistical analyses were performed using SAS® software version 9.4.

We conducted a two-center, phase 3, observer-blind, randomized, active-controlled, non-inferiority trial in Mali and The Gambia. Following screening for eligibility based on defined inclusion and exclusion criteria (Supplementary Material), 600 participants were enrolled in each of three age groups: 2-10-years, 11-17-years, 18-29-years. All participants (≥18 years), or their parents/guardians, provided written informed consent. Participants aged ≥13 years (Mali) or ≥12 years (The Gambia) also provided written assent. For full details of study conduct see protocol at nejm.org. The responsibilities of the given authors for the design, conduct, analysis, and publication of the study are outlined in the Supplementary Material.

The trial was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice Guidelines. It was approved by the research ethics committee of the Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d’Odonto-Stomatologie, Mali; the Institutional Review Board of the University of Maryland School of Medicine, USA; the Gambia Government/MRC Joint Ethics Committee, The Gambia; and the Western Institutional Review Board. Regulatory approval was obtained from Directorate of Pharmacy and Medicine, Mali and the Medicines Control Agency, The Gambia. A data safety monitoring board oversaw the trial.

Eligible participants within each age category were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive either NmCV-5 (n=400) or MenACWY-D (n=200). Randomization was undertaken using a web-based system, according to a permuted block randomization scheme. Randomization, vaccine preparation and administration were undertaken by unblind personnel who were not involved in other participant-related procedures or endpoint collection. Parents, participants, and all other trial staff were blind to treatment allocation.

A single 0.5 mL dose of NmCV-5 contains 5 µg of meningococcal serogroups A and X polysaccharides conjugated to tetanus toxoid and 5 µg of meningococcal serogroups C, W, and Y polysaccharides conjugated to recombinant cross-reactive material-197. A single dose of MenACWY-D contains 4 µg each of meningococcal A, C, W, and Y polysaccharides conjugated to diphtheria toxoid (Supplementary Material). The vaccines were administered by intramuscular injection into the deltoid muscle using a 23G 25mm needle.

The trial had two primary objectives. First, to demonstrate the immune responses to meningococcal serogroups A, C, W and Y generated by NmCV-5 were non-inferior to those generated by MenACWY-D. Second, to demonstrate the immune responses to meningococcal serogroup X generated by NmCV-5 were non-inferior to the lowest immune response generated by MenACWY-D against serogroups A, C, W and Y. Comparison to the lowest response generated against the serogroups in MenACWY-D was made following regulatory agreement in the absence of a licensed serogroup X comparator vaccine. Serum samples collected pre- and on day 28 post-vaccination were tested for serogroup-specific serum bactericidal activity using rabbit complement (rSBA).18,19 Immune responses were defined in terms of two primary endpoints; serogroup-specific rSBA seroresponse rates and geometric mean titres (GMT) measured 28 days after vaccination. Seroresponse rate was defined as the percentage of participants with post-vaccination rSBA titre of ≥ 32 in those with a pre-vaccination titre of < 8 or at least four times as high as pre-vaccination titre in those with a pre-vaccination titre of ≥ 8. Secondary endpoints included the percentage of participants with rSBA titres ≥ 8 and ≥ 128 pre- and on day 28 post-vaccination, and data related to the safety and tolerability of NmCV-5. Details of the visit schedule are provided in the Supplementary Material.

The immunological non-inferiority of NmCV-5 compared to MenACWY-D was assessed based on achieving the criteria set for either of the two primary endpoints. A prospective alpha allocation scheme was employed for multiplicity adjustment. One-sided significance levels of 0.02 and 0.0051 were applied to non-inferiority testing for seroresponse rates with a margin of −10% and GMTs with a margin of 0.5, respectively. The difference in the percentages of participants with serogroup-specific seroresponse between NmCV-5 and MenACWY-D (seroresponseNmCV-5 – seroresponseMenACWY-D) was calculated with its two-sided 96% confidence interval (CI) obtained using the Miettinen and Nurminen method.20 The ratio of the GMTs between the NmCV-5 and MenACWY-D (GMTNmCV-5/GMTMenACWY-D) against each serogroup were calculated with its two-sided 98.98% CI. For each serogroup, the log2-transformed rSBA titres were used to construct a two-sided 98.98% CI for the mean difference between the two vaccine groups using analysis of covariance with log2-transformed baseline titres as a covariate. Age, sex, and study site were evaluated for inclusion in the model using stepwise selection. The mean difference and corresponding 98.98% CI limits were exponentiated to obtain the ratio of GMTs and the corresponding 98.98% CI. The sample size and power calculations are provided in the Supplementary Material. The primary immunogenicity and safety analyses were conducted on the per protocol and safety populations, respectively (Supplementary Material). All statistical analyses were performed using SAS® software version 9.4.

The first participants were recruited in August 2019. Safety follow-up to 168 days post-vaccination was completed in June 2021. Consent was provided for 1869 participants, of whom 1800 were eligible and were randomized and vaccinated (Supplementary Figure S1). Overall, 50.7% of participants were female, all were African, and 43.4% belonged to the Mandinka/Malinke ethnic group (Table 1). There were no notable differences in demographic or anthropometric parameters between vaccine groups in any age category. The participants in the study are considered representative of the target population for NmCV-5 (Supplementary Material) The overall serogroup-specific seroresponse rates for serogroups ACWY 28 days following vaccination with NmCV-5 ranged from 70.5% (95% CI 67.8–73.2) for serogroup A to 98.5% (95% CI 97.6–99.2) for serogroup W (Table 2A). The serogroup X seroresponse rate was 97.2% (95% CI 96.0–98.1). The serogroup-specific seroresponse rate following vaccination with MenACWY-D, for the four included serogroups, ranged from 50.0% (95% CI 45.8–54.2) for serogroup A to 97.4% (95% CI 95.6–98.6) for serogroup W.

95% CI 97.6–99.2) for serogroup W (Table 2A). The serogroup X seroresponse rate was 97.2% (95% CI 96.0–98.1). The serogroup-specific seroresponse rate following vaccination with MenACWY-D, for the four included serogroups, ranged from 50.0% (95% CI 45.8–54.2) for serogroup A to 97.4% (95% CI 95.6–98.6) for serogroup W. As the lowest seroresponse rate following MenACWY-D was to serogroup A, this was used as the comparator, for the purposes of the non-inferiority analysis, for serogroup X in NmCV-5. The difference in seroresponse rates for the shared serogroups ranged from 1.2% (96% CI −0.3–3.1) for serogroup W to 20.5% (96% CI 15.4–25.6) for serogroup A. The difference in the seroresponse rate comparing serogroup X in NmCV-5 to serogroup A in MenACWY-D was 47.2% (96% CI 42.8–51.6). The lower limit of the 96% CI was above the −10% non-inferiority margin for all serogroups for the overall population (Figure 1A) and in each age group. Thus, non-inferiority of NmCV-5 compared to MenACWY-D was demonstrated based on seroresponse rates. The overall serogroup-specific rSBA GMT 28 days following vaccination with NmCV-5 ranged from 5587.2 (95% CI 5123.7–6092.5) for serogroup C to 31290.4 (95% CI 29222.2–33505.1) for serogroup X (Table 2B). The serogroup-specific rSBA GMT at the same timepoint following MenACWY-D for the four included serogroups ranged from 1854.9 (95% CI 1619.6–2124.4) for serogroup C to 12294.6 (95% CI 10778.9–14023.4) for serogroup W.

(95% CI 5123.7–6092.5) for serogroup C to 31290.4 (95% CI 29222.2–33505.1) for serogroup X (Table 2B). The serogroup-specific rSBA GMT at the same timepoint following MenACWY-D for the four included serogroups ranged from 1854.9 (95% CI 1619.6–2124.4) for serogroup C to 12294.6 (95% CI 10778.9–14023.4) for serogroup W. As the lowest rSBA GMT following MenACWY-D was to serogroup C this was used as the comparator, for the purposes of the non-inferiority analysis, for serogroup X in NmCV-5. The adjusted rSBA GMT ratio for the shared serogroups ranged from 1.7 (98.98% CI 1.5–1.9) for serogroup A to 2.8 (98.98% CI 2.3–3.5) for serogroup C. The adjusted GMT ratio comparing serogroup X in NmCV-5 to serogroup C in MenACWY-D was 9.5 (98.98% CI 7.1–12.8). The lower limit of the 98.98% CI was above the 0.5 non-inferiority margin for all serogroups in the overall population (Figure 1B) and in each age group. Thus, non-inferiority of NmCV-5 compared to MenACWY-D was demonstrated based on rSBA GMTs. Hence, the primary immunogenicity objective of the trial, to demonstrate the non-inferiority of NmCV-5 compared to MenACWY-D, was achieved in each age group based on both seroresponse rates and GMTs.

re 1B) and in each age group. Thus, non-inferiority of NmCV-5 compared to MenACWY-D was demonstrated based on rSBA GMTs. Hence, the primary immunogenicity objective of the trial, to demonstrate the non-inferiority of NmCV-5 compared to MenACWY-D, was achieved in each age group based on both seroresponse rates and GMTs. The percentage of participants with baseline and post-vaccination serogroup-specific rSBA titres of ≥ 8 and ≥ 128 are provided in Supplementary Table S1. The geometric mean fold rises following NmCV-5 tended to be higher than those generated by MenACWY-D for all serogroups and in all age groups (Supplementary Table S2). While there were no notable differences in the distribution of rSBA titres at baseline, the proportion of participants above any given titre tended to be higher following NmCV-5 vaccination (Figure 2).

nded to be higher than those generated by MenACWY-D for all serogroups and in all age groups (Supplementary Table S2). While there were no notable differences in the distribution of rSBA titres at baseline, the proportion of participants above any given titre tended to be higher following NmCV-5 vaccination (Figure 2). Overall, 312 (26.0%) of participants in the NmCV-5 group and 115 (19.2%) of participants in the MenACWY-D group (p=0.001) experienced at least one solicited injection site reaction (Table 3). Pain was most common, occurring in 311 (25.9%) and 115 (19.2%) of participants, respectively. Overall, 133 (11.1%) of participants in the NmCV-5 group and 55 (9.2%) of participants in the MenACWY-D group experienced a solicited systemic adverse event. All solicited events were mild or moderate in severity and resolved with no more than simple analgesia. Following vaccination with NmCV-5, 189 participants (15.8%) had a mild or moderate unsolicited adverse event compared to 99 (16.5%) of participants following vaccination with MenACWY-D. None of the unsolicited events were judged related to vaccination. The most common unsolicited events were upper respiratory tract infections, malaria, and pharyngitis, which occurred in 4.6%, 1.3% and 0.8% of participants, respectively (Supplementary Table S3). There were three serious adverse events following each vaccine, none of which were deemed by the investigator to be vaccine related. One 18-year-old participant in the MenACWY-D group died following trauma unrelated to the trial. Thirteen pregnancies were reported during study follow-up. Eleven women had normal deliveries without congenital anomalies. Two women chose to terminate their pregnancies.

The first participants were recruited in August 2019. Safety follow-up to 168 days post-vaccination was completed in June 2021. Consent was provided for 1869 participants, of whom 1800 were eligible and were randomized and vaccinated (Supplementary Figure S1). Overall, 50.7% of participants were female, all were African, and 43.4% belonged to the Mandinka/Malinke ethnic group (Table 1). There were no notable differences in demographic or anthropometric parameters between vaccine groups in any age category. The participants in the study are considered representative of the target population for NmCV-5 (Supplementary Material)

The overall serogroup-specific seroresponse rates for serogroups ACWY 28 days following vaccination with NmCV-5 ranged from 70.5% (95% CI 67.8–73.2) for serogroup A to 98.5% (95% CI 97.6–99.2) for serogroup W (Table 2A). The serogroup X seroresponse rate was 97.2% (95% CI 96.0–98.1). The serogroup-specific seroresponse rate following vaccination with MenACWY-D, for the four included serogroups, ranged from 50.0% (95% CI 45.8–54.2) for serogroup A to 97.4% (95% CI 95.6–98.6) for serogroup W. As the lowest seroresponse rate following MenACWY-D was to serogroup A, this was used as the comparator, for the purposes of the non-inferiority analysis, for serogroup X in NmCV-5. The difference in seroresponse rates for the shared serogroups ranged from 1.2% (96% CI −0.3–3.1) for serogroup W to 20.5% (96% CI 15.4–25.6) for serogroup A. The difference in the seroresponse rate comparing serogroup X in NmCV-5 to serogroup A in MenACWY-D was 47.2% (96% CI 42.8–51.6). The lower limit of the 96% CI was above the −10% non-inferiority margin for all serogroups for the overall population (Figure 1A) and in each age group. Thus, non-inferiority of NmCV-5 compared to MenACWY-D was demonstrated based on seroresponse rates.

in NmCV-5 to serogroup A in MenACWY-D was 47.2% (96% CI 42.8–51.6). The lower limit of the 96% CI was above the −10% non-inferiority margin for all serogroups for the overall population (Figure 1A) and in each age group. Thus, non-inferiority of NmCV-5 compared to MenACWY-D was demonstrated based on seroresponse rates. The overall serogroup-specific rSBA GMT 28 days following vaccination with NmCV-5 ranged from 5587.2 (95% CI 5123.7–6092.5) for serogroup C to 31290.4 (95% CI 29222.2–33505.1) for serogroup X (Table 2B). The serogroup-specific rSBA GMT at the same timepoint following MenACWY-D for the four included serogroups ranged from 1854.9 (95% CI 1619.6–2124.4) for serogroup C to 12294.6 (95% CI 10778.9–14023.4) for serogroup W.

Overall, 312 (26.0%) of participants in the NmCV-5 group and 115 (19.2%) of participants in the MenACWY-D group (p=0.001) experienced at least one solicited injection site reaction (Table 3). Pain was most common, occurring in 311 (25.9%) and 115 (19.2%) of participants, respectively. Overall, 133 (11.1%) of participants in the NmCV-5 group and 55 (9.2%) of participants in the MenACWY-D group experienced a solicited systemic adverse event. All solicited events were mild or moderate in severity and resolved with no more than simple analgesia. Following vaccination with NmCV-5, 189 participants (15.8%) had a mild or moderate unsolicited adverse event compared to 99 (16.5%) of participants following vaccination with MenACWY-D. None of the unsolicited events were judged related to vaccination. The most common unsolicited events were upper respiratory tract infections, malaria, and pharyngitis, which occurred in 4.6%, 1.3% and 0.8% of participants, respectively (Supplementary Table S3). There were three serious adverse events following each vaccine, none of which were deemed by the investigator to be vaccine related. One 18-year-old participant in the MenACWY-D group died following trauma unrelated to the trial. Thirteen pregnancies were reported during study follow-up. Eleven women had normal deliveries without congenital anomalies. Two women chose to terminate their pregnancies.

This phase 3 trial demonstrated the immunological non-inferiority of NmCV-5 compared to the licensed, WHO pre-qualified quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine, MenACWY-D. Non-inferiority was demonstrated in all three age-groups based on both seroresponse rates and GMTs. The vaccine had a comparable safety profile to the licensed vaccine. These data are expected to support the licensure and WHO pre-qualification of NmCV-5, as a pentavalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine, including for serogroup X. The licensure of meningococcal conjugate vaccines, including those targeting novel serogroups, based on immunogenicity rather than efficacy endpoints, is a well-established approach.21,22 Serum bactericidal antibodies, measured using human complement, were originally defined as a correlate of protection against invasive serogroup C disease in US military recruits.23,24 However, the standardized assay using rabbit complement was subsequently used to support the licensure and introduction of serogroup C conjugate vaccines in the UK.21,25–27 A short term, one-dose efficacy of 97% in teenagers and 92% in toddlers support the validity of this approach in the UK, while a rSBA titre of ≥ 8 or a four-fold rise in titres were identified as markers of vaccine-induced protection against this serogroup.26,28 In the UK and elsewhere, effectiveness of between 91% and 96% within 12 months of vaccination has been demonstrated in all age groups, with protection being sustained more consistently in those vaccinated beyond infancy.29,30

n titres were identified as markers of vaccine-induced protection against this serogroup.26,28 In the UK and elsewhere, effectiveness of between 91% and 96% within 12 months of vaccination has been demonstrated in all age groups, with protection being sustained more consistently in those vaccinated beyond infancy.29,30 A comparable approach was used for the licensure of the meningococcal serogroup A conjugate vaccine, MenAfriVac.21,22,31 In the absence of a defined correlate of protection, and in the context of high baseline antibody titres, the requirement for a four-fold rise in rSBA was used as the primary endpoint.31 Based on enhanced surveillance leading up to and following the roll out of the vaccine across the meningitis belt, meningitis incidence has substantially decreased and serogroup A disease has all but disappeared. Burkina Faso recorded a 71% reduction in meningitis and a 99.8% reduction in serogroup A meningitis in the year following the MenAfriVac campaign.32 A 94% difference in the incidence of meningitis was also recorded in Chad within 4 to 6-months of vaccination.33 A study conducted across nine countries in the meningitis belt reported a 57% reduction in suspected meningitis and a more than 99% decrease in serogroup A meningitis associated with mass campaigns.4 Serogroup C and A conjugate vaccines also generate herd protection, indicating an impact on nasopharyngeal carriage as well as invasive disease.34–37

countries in the meningitis belt reported a 57% reduction in suspected meningitis and a more than 99% decrease in serogroup A meningitis associated with mass campaigns.4 Serogroup C and A conjugate vaccines also generate herd protection, indicating an impact on nasopharyngeal carriage as well as invasive disease.34–37 Finally, there are now early data on the effectiveness of MenACWY-D and other quadrivalent vaccines, also licensed based on immunogenicity. Analyzing serogroup C and serogroup Y breakthrough cases following the introduction of a single adolescent MenACWY-D vaccine dose in the US, vaccine effectiveness was estimated to be between 80 and 85%.38 A case-control study conducted in the same setting estimated a vaccine effectiveness of 79% within one year, and of 69% between one and three years following vaccination. The effectiveness against serogroup C was 79%, and against serogroup Y was 51% up to eight-years following vaccination.39 Following the introduction of an adolescent quadrivalent vaccine programme, predominantly using a tetanus toxoid conjugate (Nimenrix®, Pfizer) in the UK, an overall vaccine effectiveness of 94% has recently been reported, including effectiveness of 94% and 82% against serogroups W and Y respectively.40 The programme has also been shown to reduce pharyngeal carriage of meningococcus and is expected to generate herd protection.41 Thus, strong post-implementation data support the licensure of meningococcal conjugate vaccines based on immunogenicity rather than efficacy endpoints. The availability of such effectiveness data and the extensive use of MenACWY-D, as the first quadrivalent conjugate vaccine licensed, including as part of an outbreak response in West Africa, support the choice of the vaccine as the comparator in this study. Some differences in the immunogenicity of the four currently licensed quadrivalent vaccines have been reported. However, there are no data to suggest these translate into difference in effectiveness.42 The generally higher immune responses to NmCV-5 over the licensed comparator provides further reassurance with this regard.

differences in the immunogenicity of the four currently licensed quadrivalent vaccines have been reported. However, there are no data to suggest these translate into difference in effectiveness.42 The generally higher immune responses to NmCV-5 over the licensed comparator provides further reassurance with this regard. The trial had several strengths. Both Mali and The Gambia are in the meningitis belt and are thus representative of a key future target population for NmCV-5, while the findings are also likely to translate to other settings. The consistency of the immune responses across age groups is also reassuring considering the future impact of the vaccine. Finally, the technology used in NmCV-5 production is based on cost-effective methods for carrier protein production, polysaccharide fermentation and purification, and chemical conjugation. Thus, the vaccine is expected to be made available at a cost lower than that of the existing quadrivalent vaccines. The limitation of product licensure based on immunogenicity is acknowledged and generating effectiveness data for NmCV-5, particularly against serogroup X disease, will be important. Furthermore, data on the persistence of immune responses at six- and 12-months will be available in due course and important, particularly considering future routine use of NmCV-5 outside the epidemic response.

ed and generating effectiveness data for NmCV-5, particularly against serogroup X disease, will be important. Furthermore, data on the persistence of immune responses at six- and 12-months will be available in due course and important, particularly considering future routine use of NmCV-5 outside the epidemic response. In addition, high baseline serogroup A GMTs, reflecting prior MenAfriVac campaigns and routine immunization programmes in Mali and The Gambia, limited the seroresponse rates to this serogroup. Nonetheless, post-vaccination titres were considerably above those demonstrated to provide protection against this serogroup, and responses of above 95% to the serogroup have previously been demonstrated in naïve toddlers.16 Based on the data from this trial, NmCV-5 may emerge as a tool to support meningococcal disease control, particularly across the meningitis belt of sub-Saharan Africa, and thus may contribute to epidemic elimination and the other goals of the Global Roadmap for Defeating Meningitis by 2030.