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The pancreas is an elongated accessory digestive gland situated retroperitoneally, crossing the bodies of the L1 and L2 vertebrae on the posterior abdominal wall. The pancreas lies transversely in the upper abdomen between the duodenum on the right and the spleen on the left (see Image. Pancreatic Ducts and Duodenum Anatomy). The gland is divided into the head, neck, body, and tail. The head lies on the inferior vena cava and the renal vein and is surrounded by the C loop of the duodenum. The tail of the pancreas courses toward the splenic hilum. The pancreas produces exocrine secretion (pancreatic juice from acinar cells) that enters the duodenum through the main and accessory pancreatic ducts, and endocrine secretions (glucagon and insulin from the pancreatic islets of Langerhans) that enter the blood. A detailed understanding of pancreatic structure and disease patterns improves recognition of conditions such as annular pancreas, choledochal cysts, pancreatitis, and pancreatic cancer. Anatomic precision supports safe surgical decision-making, particularly when managing obstruction, perforation, or resection of malignant tissue. Insight into endocrine and exocrine impairment guides metabolic control and symptom-directed treatment.