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introductionstatpearls· Introduction· item NBK549870

The human coccyx is the final portion of the vertebral column, typically comprised of three to five vertebral segments.[1] Its proximal vertebral segment articulates with the sacrum via a fibrocartilaginous joint; however, the fusion of the sacrum and coccyx has been a feature in many cases, with prevalence differing by age and sex.[2][3] Each inter-vertebral segment has also been shown to differ in the incidence of fusion with its superior and inferior counterparts. Distally, the coccyx maintains a concave-shaped curve and anteriorly angles into the pelvis. Though not readily visible, each coccygeal vertebrae does contain a transverse process and, when fused, forms what is known as the anterior and posterior transverse grooves of the coccyx. However, the coccygeal vertebrae do not contain any pedicle, lamina, or spinous processes. The coccyx serves as the attachment site for multiple pelvic ligaments and tendons and contains an extensive plexus of coccygeal nerves. Damage to any one of these components can have implications in several clinical conditions.