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The maxillary artery constitutes a terminal branch of the external carotid artery (ECA), supplying multiple deep structures of the face. This blood vessel is the largest terminal division of the ECA. Classically, the maxillary artery is divided into 3 segments and gives rise to 14 collateral branches, in addition to its terminal sphenopalatine branch.[1] Originating posterior to the neck of the mandible, the artery courses through the parotid gland, advancing between the sphenomandibular ligament and the ramus of the mandible. The maxillary artery's trajectory is variable, passing either superficial, deep, or, less frequently, through the lateral pterygoid muscle before entering the pterygopalatine fossa (see Image. Dissection of the Maxillary Artery in the Head and Neck).[2] The maxillary artery perfuses the mandible, maxilla, muscles of mastication, nasal cavity, palate, and components of the pterygopalatine fossa. The maxillary artery holds clinical significance due to its role in supplying vital deep facial structures and involvement in hemorrhage following facial trauma or maxillofacial fractures. Surgical procedures in the infratemporal and pterygopalatine regions necessitate careful consideration of the artery’s variable course to minimize the risk of inadvertent injury. Comprehensive knowledge of the maxillary artery’s anatomy and branching pattern enables clinicians to optimize surgical planning, improve hemostatic control, and enhance outcomes in both reconstructive and endovascular interventions.