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The lungs' primary function is to facilitate gas exchange. Oxygen enters the bloodstream from the environment through the alveoli. Carbon dioxide from tissue metabolism leaves the body through the lungs. The lung vasculature is organized to support these functions.[1] The lungs are shielded by the rib cage within the thoracic cavity, flanking the heart on either side. Double-layered pleural membranes cover each lung (see Image. Relationship Of Thoracic Contents And Thoracic Cage Linings). The lung parenchyma forms from the complex branching of the air passageways. The intricate neural control in the lungs ensures proper regulation of respiratory function, including airway caliber, ventilation, and protective reflexes. Knowledge of lung anatomy is essential for understanding pulmonary disease pathophysiology, interpreting diagnostic tests, and performing surgical procedures. A deeper grasp of lung anatomy is essential for healthcare professionals diagnosing, treating, and managing respiratory conditions.