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Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a nonspecific serum biomarker that is elevated in many malignancies, including colorectal cancer, medullary thyroid cancer, breast cancer, and mucinous ovarian cancer. CEA was first detected in colon cancer cells by Freedman and Gold and was eventually found in various other epithelial cells in the stomach, tongue, esophagus, cervix, and prostate.[1] This glycoprotein has a molecular weight of 200 kDa and is normally derived from fetal embryonic endodermal epithelium, controlled by fetal oncogenes. CEA usually disappears from serum after birth. However, small quantities of CEA may remain in colon tissue. CEA and related genes (29 are present, with 18 normally expressed) constitute the CEA family in human beings and are clustered in chromosome 19q13.2.[2] Serum CEA elevation is not a definitive marker of any particular cancer site of origin since this finding is associated with various types of malignant and nonmalignant medical conditions (see Table. Malignant and Nonmalignant Conditions Associated with Carcinoembryonic Antigen Elevation).[3] Therefore, obtaining CEA levels in isolation is not recommended for routine cancer screening or diagnosis. CEA is currently being studied as a target for various cancer-directed therapies.[4][5] Table Table. Malignant and Nonmalignant Conditions Associated with Carcinoembryonic Antigen Elevation.

CEA belongs to the immunoglobulin family called "CEA-related cell adhesion molecules" (CEACAMs). CEA is closely associated with various endothelial cell functions, including adhesion, proliferation, and migration of cells both in vivo and in vitro.[6] This molecule is present on the endoluminal side of the cell membrane of normal cells. CEA is thought to inhibit apoptosis and, hence, is involved in tumor pathogenesis. Although CEA is predominantly associated with gastrointestinal tumors, the literature indicates a strong correlation with breast, lung, ovarian, cervical (mucinous adenocarcinoma), and thyroid cancers.

In cancer treatment where CEA is utilized as a tumor marker, the contribution of each healthcare team member is vital for fostering patient-centered care, enhancing outcomes, and ensuring safety. Physicians lead by diagnosing, creating treatment plans, upholding ethical standards, and collaborating with specialists. Advanced practitioners evaluate patients, modify care plans as necessary, and provide education to empower informed decision-making. Nurses play a crucial role in offering essential support to patients, coordinating additional services, and ensuring effective communication within the team to promote safety. Pharmacists oversee medication management, educate patients regarding their use, and strive to maximize treatment efficacy. Successful interprofessional communication and coordinated care are achieved through structured meetings and shared health records, which are essential for harmonizing treatment approaches, minimizing errors, and cultivating a unified strategy. By integrating their specialized knowledge, ethical dedication, and effective communication skills, the healthcare team significantly improves both patient outcomes and overall team performance.