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More than 100 distinct types of cancer have been identified. Cancer frequently affects multiple organs due to uncontrolled cell division, migration, and invasion. Understanding its pathogenesis is crucial, given the rising number of cases and the limitations of standard treatment options, which contribute to poor overall and disease-free survival rates for many patients.[1][2] Despite improved survival rates in developed countries, the incidence of cancer continues to rise sharply. More than 90% of cancers are directly attributable to environmental and lifestyle factors, making them largely preventable. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in understanding cancer, including the processes of carcinogenesis (the initiation of cancer), oncogenesis, and the progression of cells to malignant metastasis. Gaining insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms driving carcinogenesis is crucial for developing effective strategies for cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.