Browse the corpus

While an ophthalmologist is almost always responsible for detecting drusen bodies on fundoscopic examinations, there are other roles to play in possibly preventing progression to AMD. Extensive studies on the modifiable and unmodifiable risk factors for the progression of drusen deposits to AMD are currently ongoing. Increasing age seems to be the most consistent unmodifiable risk factor for progression to AMD; however, female sex, Caucasian race, and certain genetic markers have a higher risk for AMD.[1][5] Certain modifiable risk factors such as smoking, obesity, and increased sunlight exposure have been implicated to increase the risk of AMD in some studies. Whereas increased physical activity and a Mediterranean-based diet rich in antioxidants may provide protective benefits against AMD according to some studies. A relationship between AMD and comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and cataracts has been suggested; however, it remains unclear at this point.[1] Primary care physicians, nurse practitioners, and other members of an interprofessional team play a vital role in the recognition and prevention of AMD. The United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) concludes that there is insufficient evidence to make a recommendation on screening for visual acuity in elderly adults with grade I evidence.[10] The American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) recommends that all patients age sixty-five and older receive comprehensive eye exams every one to two years regardless of a prior history of eye conditions.[11] Therefore, primary care providers should be aware of the risk factors and symptoms of AMD. Common visual complaints seen in AMD include blurring of central vision, a blind spot in the central vision known as a central scotoma, or lines that appear wavy which is known as metamorphopsia.[12] Patients presenting with these complaints should be referred to an ophthalmologist for further evaluation. Additionally, providers should also counsel patients on modifiable risk factors and encourage strategies such as smoking cessation, maintaining a healthy diet, and wearing sunglasses outdoors to protect from ultraviolet eye damage.[13]

One important aspect of achieving high-quality eye care for patients is an interprofessional team working towards a common goal. A team includes physicians, nurses, assistants, medical technicians, front office staff, and many others who work in unity to provide individualized care to each patient. Each member of the interprofessional team should be appropriately trained and should work in accordance with their skill level in a professional manner putting patient care above all else.[14]