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Interprofessional and interorganizational collaborations are fundamental components of effective healthcare systems.[29] In 2010, the WHO developed a framework for Interprofessional Education (IPE) and collaborative practice to address growing global health challenges.[30] (Source: WHO, 2010) IPE serves as the foundation for meaningful collaboration in both clinical care and research. The WHO’s Health Workforce 2030 Strategy further expands on this foundation by highlighting digital collaboration, cross-sector integration, and equitable participation as key pillars of interprofessional practice.[31] A related concept, referred to as the "team science approach," emphasizes the integration of diverse perspectives across professions, organizations, and cultural or geographic backgrounds. This approach has become increasingly essential within healthcare systems of growing complexity.[32] A systematic review identified team science as a critical element of interprofessional research collaboration.[33] An example of successful implementation involved an interprofessional initiative coordinated by an orthopedic trauma department in collaboration with 18 other departments, including cardiovascular and emergency medicine. The team identified a novel cluster of preoperative factors predictive of 12-month mortality among patients older than 65 years with hip fractures.[34] Several challenges persist despite demonstrated benefits. Power dynamics between physicians, nurses, and other healthcare professionals can hinder collaboration and affect research productivity. Furthermore, the historically siloed education of healthcare professionals continues to impede the advancement of IPE. Future efforts should focus on enhancing inclusivity, promoting diversity, and building institutional capacity to strengthen collaborative research and clinical practice.[35]

Continued advancement in interprofessional collaboration remains essential in both clinical practice and research. A study evaluating satisfaction among members of hospital-based interprofessional teams identified several themes associated with higher satisfaction levels. In addition to expected factors such as collaboration and communication, shared leadership and innovation were also recognized as significant contributors.[36] Another study investigating barriers to enhancing palliative care research participation among nonphysician professionals identified inadequate training and mentorship as major obstacles. The nationwide survey included chaplains, nurse practitioners, pharmacists, and social workers.[37]