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©2013 UpToDate ® Print Email Etiologic classification of diabetes mellitus Type 1 diabetes (beta-celldestruction, usually leading to absolute insulin deficiency) A. Immune-mediated B. Idiopathic Type 2 diabetes (mayrange from predominantly insulin resistance with relative insulindeficiency to a predominantly secretory defect with insulin resistance) Other specific types A. Genetic defects of beta cell function 1. Chromosome 12, HNF-1-alpha (MODY3) 2. Chromosome 7, glucokinase(MODY2) 3. Chromosome 20, HNF-4-alpha(MODY1) 4. Chromosome 13, insulinpromoter factor-1 (IPF-1; MODY4) 5. Chromosome 17, HNF-1-beta(MODY5) 6. Chromosome 2, NeuroD1 (MODY6) 7. Mitochondrial DNA 8. Others B. Genetic defects in insulin action 1. Type A insulin resistance 2. Leprechaunism 3. Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome 4. Lipoatrophic diabetes 5. Others C. Diseases of the exocrine pancreas 1. Pancreatitis 2. Trauma/pancreatectomy 3. Neoplasia 4. Cystic fibrosis 5. Hemochromatosis 6. Fibrocalculous pancreatopathy 7. Others D. Endocrinopathies 1. Acromegaly 2. Cushing's syndrome 3. Glucagonoma 4. Pheochromocytoma 5. Hyperthyroidism 6. Somatostatinoma 7. Aldosteronoma 8. Others E. Drug- or chemical-induced 1. Vacor 2. Pentamidine 3. Nicotinic acid 4. Glucocorticoids 5. Thyroid hormone 6. Diazoxide 7. Beta-adrenergic agonists 8. Thiazides 9. Dilantin 10. Alpha-Interferon 11. Others F. Infections 1. Congenital rubella 2. Cytomegalovirus 3. Others G. Uncommon forms of immune-mediated diabetes 1. "Stiff man" syndrome 2. Anti-insulin receptor antibodies 3. Others H. Other genetic syndromes sometimes associated with diabetes 1. Down's syndrome 2. Klinefelter's syndrome 3. Turner's syndrome 4. Wolfram's syndrome 5. Freiderich's ataxia 6. Huntington's chorea 7. Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome 8. Myotonic dystrophy 9. Porphyria 10. Prader-Willi syndrome 11. Others Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) Patients with any form of diabetes may require insulin treatment at some stage of their disease. Such use of insulin does not, of itself, classify the patient. Copyright ©2007 American Diabetes Association From Diabetes Care Vol 30, Supplement 1, 2007. Reprinted with permission from The American Diabetes Association.