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REFERENCES West RL, Hirsch DP, Bartelsman JF, et al. Long term results of pneumatic dilation in achalasia followed for more than 5 years. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97:1346. Spiess AE, Kahrilas PJ. Treating achalasia: from whalebone to laparoscope. JAMA 1998; 280:638. Eckardt VF, Kanzler G, Westermeier T. Complications and their impact after pneumatic dilation for achalasia: prospective long-term follow-up study. Gastrointest Endosc 1997; 45:349. Pasricha PJ, Ravich WJ, Hendrix TR, et al. Intrasphincteric botulinum toxin for the treatment of achalasia. N Engl J Med 1995; 332:774. Vaezi MF, Richter JE. Diagnosis and management of achalasia. American College of Gastroenterology Practice Parameter Committee. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94:3406. Vela MF, Richter JE, Khandwala F, et al. The long-term efficacy of pneumatic dilatation and Heller myotomy for the treatment of achalasia. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 4:580. Boeckxstaens GE. Achalasia. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2007; 21:595. Topic 1998 Version 6.0 © 2013 UpToDate, Inc. All rights reserved. | Subscription and License Agreement | Release: 21.3 - C21.34 Licensed to: Morehouse School of Medicine | Support Tag: [1105-217.117.136.88-94DAD92080-S473950.14]