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referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f42_7_43129

REFERENCES Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents. Department of Health and Human Services. file://aidsinfo.nih.gov/ContentFiles/AdultandAdolescentGL.pdf. (Accessed on February 13, 2013). McKellar MS, Cope AB, Gay CL, et al. Acute HIV-1 infection in the Southeastern United States: a cohort study. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2013; 29:121. Ridzon R, Gallagher K, Ciesielski C, et al. Simultaneous transmission of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus from a needle-stick injury. N Engl J Med 1997; 336:919. Kared H, Lelièvre JD, Donkova-Petrini V, et al. HIV-specific regulatory T cells are associated with higher CD4 cell counts in primary infection. AIDS 2008; 22:2451. Niu MT, Stein DS, Schnittman SM. Primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection: review of pathogenesis and early treatment intervention in humans and animal retrovirus infections. J Infect Dis 1993; 168:1490. Daar ES, Little S, Pitt J, et al. Diagnosis of primary HIV-1 infection. Los Angeles County Primary HIV Infection Recruitment Network. Ann Intern Med 2001; 134:25. Daar ES, Pilcher CD, Hecht FM. Clinical presentation and diagnosis of primary HIV-1 infection. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2008; 3:10. Kelley CF, Barbour JD, Hecht FM. The relation between symptoms, viral load, and viral load set point in primary HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007; 45:445. Lavreys L, Baeten JM, Chohan V, et al. Higher set point plasma viral load and more-severe acute HIV type 1 (HIV-1) illness predict mortality among high-risk HIV-1-infected African women. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42:1333. Quinn TC. Acute primary HIV infection. JAMA 1997; 278:58. Pedersen C, Lindhardt BO, Jensen BL, et al. Clinical course of primary HIV infection: consequences for subsequent course of infection. BMJ 1989; 299:154. Gaines H, von Sydow M, Pehrson PO, Lundbegh P. Clinical picture of primary HIV infection presenting as a glandular-fever-like illness. BMJ 1988; 297:1363. Schacker T, Collier AC, Hughes J, et al. Clinical and epidemiologic features of primary HIV infection. Ann Intern Med 1996; 125:257. Tindall B, Cooper DA. Primary HIV infection: host responses and intervention strategies. AIDS 1991; 5:1.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f42_7_43129

Gaines H, von Sydow M, Pehrson PO, Lundbegh P. Clinical picture of primary HIV infection presenting as a glandular-fever-like illness. BMJ 1988; 297:1363. Schacker T, Collier AC, Hughes J, et al. Clinical and epidemiologic features of primary HIV infection. Ann Intern Med 1996; 125:257. Tindall B, Cooper DA. Primary HIV infection: host responses and intervention strategies. AIDS 1991; 5:1. Valle SL. Febrile pharyngitis as the primary sign of HIV infection in a cluster of cases linked by sexual contact. Scand J Infect Dis 1987; 19:13. de Jong MD, Hulsebosch HJ, Lange JM. Clinical, virological and immunological features of primary HIV-1 infection. Genitourin Med 1991; 67:367. Lapins J, Gaines H, Lindbäck S, et al. Skin and mucosal characteristics of symptomatic primary HIV-1 infection. AIDS Patient Care STDS 1997; 11:67. Stamm WE, Handsfield HH, Rompalo AM, et al. The association between genital ulcer disease and acquisition of HIV infection in homosexual men. JAMA 1988; 260:1429. Rabeneck L, Popovic M, Gartner S, et al. Acute HIV infection presenting with painful swallowing and esophageal ulcers. JAMA 1990; 263:2318. Calabrese LH, Proffitt MR, Levin KH, et al. Acute infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) associated with acute brachial neuritis and exanthematous rash. Ann Intern Med 1987; 107:849. Rizzardi GP, Tambussi G, Lazzarin A. Acute pancreatitis during primary HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med 1997; 336:1836. Molina JM, Welker Y, Ferchal F, et al. Hepatitis associated with primary HIV infection. Gastroenterology 1992; 102:739. Meersseman W, Van Laethem K, Lagrou K, et al. Fatal brain necrosis in primary HIV infection. Lancet 2005; 366:866. Ho DD, Sarngadharan MG, Resnick L, et al. Primary human T-lymphotropic virus type III infection. Ann Intern Med 1985; 103:880. Ho DD, Rota TR, Schooley RT, et al. Isolation of HTLV-III from cerebrospinal fluid and neural tissues of patients with neurologic syndromes related to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 1985; 313:1493. Carne CA, Tedder RS, Smith A, et al. Acute encephalopathy coincident with seroconversion for anti-HTLV-III. Lancet 1985; 2:1206. Denning DW, Anderson J, Rudge P, Smith H. Acute myelopathy associated with primary infection with human immunodeficiency virus. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1987; 294:143.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f42_7_43129

Ho DD, Rota TR, Schooley RT, et al. Isolation of HTLV-III from cerebrospinal fluid and neural tissues of patients with neurologic syndromes related to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 1985; 313:1493. Carne CA, Tedder RS, Smith A, et al. Acute encephalopathy coincident with seroconversion for anti-HTLV-III. Lancet 1985; 2:1206. Denning DW, Anderson J, Rudge P, Smith H. Acute myelopathy associated with primary infection with human immunodeficiency virus. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1987; 294:143. Hagberg L, Malmvall BE, Svennerholm L, et al. Guillain-Barré syndrome as an early manifestation of HIV central nervous system infection. Scand J Infect Dis 1986; 18:591. Parry GJ. Peripheral neuropathies associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Ann Neurol 1988; 23 Suppl:S49. Piette AM, Tusseau F, Vignon D, et al. Acute neuropathy coincident with seroconversion for anti-LAV/HTLV-III. Lancet 1986; 1:852. Ong EL, Mandal BK. Primary HIV-I infection associated with pneumonitis. Postgrad Med J 1991; 67:579. Longworth DL, Spech TJ, Ahmad M, et al. Lymphocytic alveolitis in primary HIV infection. Cleve Clin J Med 1990; 57:379. Mahé A, Bruet A, Chabin E, Fendler JP. Acute rhabdomyolysis coincident with primary HIV-1 infection. Lancet 1989; 2:1454. Bernard E, Dellamonica P, Michiels JF, et al. Heparine-like anticoagulant vasculitis associated with severe primary infection by HIV. AIDS 1990; 4:932. Gupta KK. Acute immunosuppression with HIV seroconversion. N Engl J Med 1993; 328:288. Cilla G, Perez Trallero E, Furundarena JR, et al. Esophageal candidiasis and immunodeficiency associated with acute HIV infection. AIDS 1988; 2:399. Isaksson B, Albert J, Chiodi F, et al. AIDS two months after primary human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Infect Dis 1988; 158:866. Tindall B, Hing M, Edwards P, et al. Severe clinical manifestations of primary HIV infection. AIDS 1989; 3:747. Vento S, Di Perri G, Garofano T, et al. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia during primary HIV-1 infection. Lancet 1993; 342:24. Moss PJ, Read RC, Kudesia G, McKendrick MW. Prolonged cryptosporidiosis during primary HIV infection. J Infect 1995; 30:51. Cooper DA, Tindall B, Wilson EJ, et al. Characterization of T lymphocyte responses during primary infection with human immunodeficiency virus. J Infect Dis 1988; 157:889.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f42_7_43129

Vento S, Di Perri G, Garofano T, et al. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia during primary HIV-1 infection. Lancet 1993; 342:24. Moss PJ, Read RC, Kudesia G, McKendrick MW. Prolonged cryptosporidiosis during primary HIV infection. J Infect 1995; 30:51. Cooper DA, Tindall B, Wilson EJ, et al. Characterization of T lymphocyte responses during primary infection with human immunodeficiency virus. J Infect Dis 1988; 157:889. Vidrih JA, Walensky RP, Sax PE, Freedberg KA. Positive Epstein-Barr virus heterophile antibody tests in patients with primary human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Med 2001; 111:192. Colven R, Harrington RD, Spach DH, et al. Retroviral rebound syndrome after cessation of suppressive antiretroviral therapy in three patients with chronic HIV infection. Ann Intern Med 2000; 133:430. Kilby JM, Goepfert PA, Miller AP, et al. Recurrence of the acute HIV syndrome after interruption of antiretroviral therapy in a patient with chronic HIV infection: A case report. Ann Intern Med 2000; 133:435. Daar ES, Bai J, Hausner MA, et al. Acute HIV syndrome after discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy in a patient treated before seroconversion. Ann Intern Med 1998; 128:827. Hecht FM, Busch MP, Rawal B, et al. Use of laboratory tests and clinical symptoms for identification of primary HIV infection. AIDS 2002; 16:1119. Rich JD, Merriman NA, Mylonakis E, et al. Misdiagnosis of HIV infection by HIV-1 plasma viral load testing: a case series. Ann Intern Med 1999; 130:37. Schwartz DH, Laeyendecker OB, Arango-Jaramillo S, et al. Extensive evaluation of a seronegative participant in an HIV-1 vaccine trial as a result of false-positive PCR. Lancet 1997; 350:256. Stekler J, Maenza J, Stevens CE, et al. Screening for acute HIV infection: lessons learned. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44:459. Pilcher CD, Fiscus SA, Nguyen TQ, et al. Detection of acute infections during HIV testing in North Carolina. N Engl J Med 2005; 352:1873. Patel P, Mackellar D, Simmons P, et al. Detecting acute human immunodeficiency virus infection using 3 different screening immunoassays and nucleic acid amplification testing for human immunodeficiency virus RNA, 2006-2008. Arch Intern Med 2010; 170:66. Cohen MS, Gay CL, Busch MP, Hecht FM. The detection of acute HIV infection. J Infect Dis 2010; 202 Suppl 2:S270.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f42_7_43129

Patel P, Mackellar D, Simmons P, et al. Detecting acute human immunodeficiency virus infection using 3 different screening immunoassays and nucleic acid amplification testing for human immunodeficiency virus RNA, 2006-2008. Arch Intern Med 2010; 170:66. Cohen MS, Gay CL, Busch MP, Hecht FM. The detection of acute HIV infection. J Infect Dis 2010; 202 Suppl 2:S270. Fiebig EW, Wright DJ, Rawal BD, et al. Dynamics of HIV viremia and antibody seroconversion in plasma donors: implications for diagnosis and staging of primary HIV infection. AIDS 2003; 17:1871. Pandori MW, Hackett J Jr, Louie B, et al. Assessment of the ability of a fourth-generation immunoassay for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody and p24 antigen to detect both acute and recent HIV infections in a high-risk setting. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:2639. Chavez P, Wesolowski L, Patel P, et al. Evaluation of the performance of the Abbott ARCHITECT HIV Ag/Ab Combo Assay. J Clin Virol 2011; 52 Suppl 1:S51. Owen SM. Testing for acute HIV infection: implications for treatment as prevention. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2012; 7:125. Branson BM, Stekler JD. Detection of acute HIV infection: we can't close the window. J Infect Dis 2012; 205:521. Rosenberg NE, Kamanga G, Phiri S, et al. Detection of acute HIV infection: a field evaluation of the determine® HIV-1/2 Ag/Ab combo test. J Infect Dis 2012; 205:528. Cooper DA, Imrie AA, Penny R. Antibody response to human immunodeficiency virus after primary infection. J Infect Dis 1987; 155:1113. Branson BM. The future of HIV testing. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010; 55 Suppl 2:S102. Kassutto S, Johnston MN, Rosenberg ES. Incomplete HIV type 1 antibody evolution and seroreversion in acutely infected individuals treated with early antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40:868. Hare CB, Pappalardo BL, Busch MP, et al. Seroreversion in subjects receiving antiretroviral therapy during acute/early HIV infection. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42:700. Selleri M, Orchi N, Zaniratti MS, et al. Effective highly active antiretroviral therapy in patients with primary HIV-1 infection prevents the evolution of the avidity of HIV-1-specific antibodies. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007; 46:145. Connick E. Incomplete antibody evolution and seroreversion after treatment of primary HIV type 1 infection: what is the clinical significance? Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40:874.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f42_7_43129

Selleri M, Orchi N, Zaniratti MS, et al. Effective highly active antiretroviral therapy in patients with primary HIV-1 infection prevents the evolution of the avidity of HIV-1-specific antibodies. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007; 46:145. Connick E. Incomplete antibody evolution and seroreversion after treatment of primary HIV type 1 infection: what is the clinical significance? Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40:874. Kothe D, Byers RH, Caudill SP, et al. Performance characteristics of a new less sensitive HIV-1 enzyme immunoassay for use in estimating HIV seroincidence. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2003; 33:625. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. 2012 Health Advisory #29: Missed opportunity to detect acute HIV infection, October 15, 2012. file://www.hivguidelines.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/missed-opportunity-to-detect-acute-hiv-infection-10-15-2012.pdf. Hirsch MS, Günthard HF, Schapiro JM, et al. Antiretroviral drug resistance testing in adult HIV-1 infection: 2008 recommendations of an International AIDS Society-USA panel. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47:266. Yanik EL, Napravnik S, Hurt CB, et al. Prevalence of transmitted antiretroviral drug resistance differs between acutely and chronically HIV-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2012; 61:258. Jain V, Liegler T, Vittinghoff E, et al. Transmitted drug resistance in persons with acute/early HIV-1 in San Francisco, 2002-2009. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15510. Hurt CB, McCoy SI, Kuruc J, et al. Transmitted antiretroviral drug resistance among acute and recent HIV infections in North Carolina from 1998 to 2007. Antivir Ther 2009; 14:673. Smith DM, Wong JK, Shao H, et al. Long-term persistence of transmitted HIV drug resistance in male genital tract secretions: implications for secondary transmission. J Infect Dis 2007; 196:356. Daar ES, Moudgil T, Meyer RD, Ho DD. Transient high levels of viremia in patients with primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. N Engl J Med 1991; 324:961. Celum CL, Robinson NJ, Cohen MS. Potential effect of HIV type 1 antiretroviral and herpes simplex virus type 2 antiviral therapy on transmission and acquisition of HIV type 1 infection. J Infect Dis 2005; 191 Suppl 1:S107. Colfax GN, Buchbinder SP, Cornelisse PG, et al. Sexual risk behaviors and implications for secondary HIV transmission during and after HIV seroconversion. AIDS 2002; 16:1529.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f42_7_43129

Celum CL, Robinson NJ, Cohen MS. Potential effect of HIV type 1 antiretroviral and herpes simplex virus type 2 antiviral therapy on transmission and acquisition of HIV type 1 infection. J Infect Dis 2005; 191 Suppl 1:S107. Colfax GN, Buchbinder SP, Cornelisse PG, et al. Sexual risk behaviors and implications for secondary HIV transmission during and after HIV seroconversion. AIDS 2002; 16:1529. Wawer MJ, Gray RH, Sewankambo NK, et al. Rates of HIV-1 transmission per coital act, by stage of HIV-1 infection, in Rakai, Uganda. J Infect Dis 2005; 191:1403. Brenner BG, Roger M, Routy JP, et al. High rates of forward transmission events after acute/early HIV-1 infection. J Infect Dis 2007; 195:951. O'Brien M, Markowitz M. Should we treat acute HIV infection? Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2012; 9:101. Patterson KB, Leone PA, Fiscus SA, et al. Frequent detection of acute HIV infection in pregnant women. AIDS 2007; 21:2303. Topic 86984 Version 2.0 © 2013 UpToDate, Inc. All rights reserved. | Subscription and License Agreement | Release: 21.4 - C21.36 Licensed to: Southeast Alabama Med Ctr | Support Tag: [1004-122.72.76.133-F7325097AE-S244013.14]