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referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f30_40_31370

REFERENCES Williams GR. Presidential Address: a history of appendicitis. With anecdotes illustrating its importance. Ann Surg 1983; 197:495. Fitz, RH. Perforating inflammation of the vermiform appendix with special reference to its early diagnosis and treatment. Am J Med Sci 1886; 92:321. Jaffe, BM, Berger, DH. The Appendix. In: Schwartz Principles of Surgery, 8th ed, Schwartz, SI, Brunicardi, CF (Ed), McGraw-Hill Health Pub. Division, New York 2005. Buschard K, Kjaeldgaard A. Investigation and analysis of the position, fixation, length and embryology of the vermiform appendix. Acta Chir Scand 1973; 139:293. Mulholland, MW, Lillemoe, KD, Doherty, GM, et al. Greenfield's Surgery, 4th ed, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA 2005. Kumar, V, Abbas, AK, Fausto, N. Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease, 7th ed, Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA 2007. Addiss DG, Shaffer N, Fowler BS, Tauxe RV. The epidemiology of appendicitis and appendectomy in the United States. Am J Epidemiol 1990; 132:910. Birnbaum BA, Wilson SR. Appendicitis at the millennium. Radiology 2000; 215:337. Burkitt DP. The aetiology of appendicitis. Br J Surg 1971; 58:695. Butler C. Surgical pathology of acute appendicitis. Hum Pathol 1981; 12:870. Miranda R, Johnston AD, O'Leary JP. Incidental appendectomy: frequency of pathologic abnormalities. Am Surg 1980; 46:355. Arnbjörnsson E, Bengmark S. Obstruction of the appendix lumen in relation to pathogenesis of acute appendicitis. Acta Chir Scand 1983; 149:789. Nitecki S, Karmeli R, Sarr MG. Appendiceal calculi and fecaliths as indications for appendectomy. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1990; 171:185. Jones BA, Demetriades D, Segal I, Burkitt DP. The prevalence of appendiceal fecaliths in patients with and without appendicitis. A comparative study from Canada and South Africa. Ann Surg 1985; 202:80. Lau WY, Teoh-Chan CH, Fan ST, et al. The bacteriology and septic complication of patients with appendicitis. Ann Surg 1984; 200:576. Bennion RS, Baron EJ, Thompson JE Jr, et al. The bacteriology of gangrenous and perforated appendicitis--revisited. Ann Surg 1990; 211:165. Temple CL, Huchcroft SA, Temple WJ. The natural history of appendicitis in adults. A prospective study. Ann Surg 1995; 221:278. Lee SL, Walsh AJ, Ho HS. Computed tomography and ultrasonography do not improve and may delay the diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis. Arch Surg 2001; 136:556.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f30_40_31370

Bennion RS, Baron EJ, Thompson JE Jr, et al. The bacteriology of gangrenous and perforated appendicitis--revisited. Ann Surg 1990; 211:165. Temple CL, Huchcroft SA, Temple WJ. The natural history of appendicitis in adults. A prospective study. Ann Surg 1995; 221:278. Lee SL, Walsh AJ, Ho HS. Computed tomography and ultrasonography do not improve and may delay the diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis. Arch Surg 2001; 136:556. Rao PM, Rhea JT, Novelline RA, et al. Helical CT technique for the diagnosis of appendicitis: prospective evaluation of a focused appendix CT examination. Radiology 1997; 202:139. Chung CH, Ng CP, Lai KK. Delays by patients, emergency physicians, and surgeons in the management of acute appendicitis: retrospective study. Hong Kong Med J 2000; 6:254. Guidry SP, Poole GV. The anatomy of appendicitis. Am Surg 1994; 60:68. McBurney, C. Experience with early operative interference in cases of disease of the vermiform appendix. NY Med J 1889; 50:676. Golledge J, Toms AP, Franklin IJ, et al. Assessment of peritonism in appendicitis. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1996; 78:11. Andersson RE, Hugander AP, Ghazi SH, et al. Diagnostic value of disease history, clinical presentation, and inflammatory parameters of appendicitis. World J Surg 1999; 23:133. Lane R, Grabham J. A useful sign for the diagnosis of peritoneal irritation in the right iliac fossa. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1997; 79:128. Rovsing, NT. Indirektes Hervorrufen des typischen Schmerzes an McBurney's Punkt. Ein Beitrag zur diagnostik der Appendicitis und Typhlitis. Zentralblatt für Chirurgie, Leipzig, 1907; 34:1257. Izbicki JR, Knoefel WT, Wilker DK, et al. Accurate diagnosis of acute appendicitis: a retrospective and prospective analysis of 686 patients. Eur J Surg 1992; 158:227. Alshehri MY, Ibrahim A, Abuaisha N, et al. Value of rebound tenderness in acute appendicitis. East Afr Med J 1995; 72:504. Jahn H, Mathiesen FK, Neckelmann K, et al. Comparison of clinical judgment and diagnostic ultrasonography in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis: experience with a score-aided diagnosis. Eur J Surg 1997; 163:433. Berry J Jr, Malt RA. Appendicitis near its centenary. Ann Surg 1984; 200:567. John H, Neff U, Kelemen M. Appendicitis diagnosis today: clinical and ultrasonic deductions. World J Surg 1993; 17:243. Silen, W. Cope's Early Diagnosis of the Acute Abdomen, 19th edition, Oxford University Press 1996. p.70.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f30_40_31370

Jahn H, Mathiesen FK, Neckelmann K, et al. Comparison of clinical judgment and diagnostic ultrasonography in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis: experience with a score-aided diagnosis. Eur J Surg 1997; 163:433. Berry J Jr, Malt RA. Appendicitis near its centenary. Ann Surg 1984; 200:567. John H, Neff U, Kelemen M. Appendicitis diagnosis today: clinical and ultrasonic deductions. World J Surg 1993; 17:243. Silen, W. Cope's Early Diagnosis of the Acute Abdomen, 19th edition, Oxford University Press 1996. p.70. Coleman C, Thompson JE Jr, Bennion RS, Schmit PJ. White blood cell count is a poor predictor of severity of disease in the diagnosis of appendicitis. Am Surg 1998; 64:983. Tehrani HY, Petros JG, Kumar RR, Chu Q. Markers of severe appendicitis. Am Surg 1999; 65:453. Thompson MM, Underwood MJ, Dookeran KA, et al. Role of sequential leucocyte counts and C-reactive protein measurements in acute appendicitis. Br J Surg 1992; 79:822. Grönroos JM, Grönroos P. Leucocyte count and C-reactive protein in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Br J Surg 1999; 86:501. Br J Surg 1999; 86:501. Guraya SY, Al-Tuwaijri TA, Khairy GA, Murshid KR. Validity of leukocyte count to predict the severity of acute appendicitis. Saudi Med J 2005; 26:1945. Sand M, Bechara FG, Holland-Letz T, et al. Diagnostic value of hyperbilirubinemia as a predictive factor for appendiceal perforation in acute appendicitis. Am J Surg 2009; 198:193. Rao PM, Rhea JT, Novelline RA. Sensitivity and specificity of the individual CT signs of appendicitis: experience with 200 helical appendiceal CT examinations. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1997; 21:686. Whitley S, Sookur P, McLean A, Power N. The appendix on CT. Clin Radiol 2009; 64:190. Choi D, Park H, Lee YR, et al. The most useful findings for diagnosing acute appendicitis on contrast-enhanced helical CT. Acta Radiol 2003; 44:574. Kessler N, Cyteval C, Gallix B, et al. Appendicitis: evaluation of sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of US, Doppler US, and laboratory findings. Radiology 2004; 230:472. Jeffrey RB Jr, Laing FC, Townsend RR. Acute appendicitis: sonographic criteria based on 250 cases. Radiology 1988; 167:327. Spalluto LB, Woodfield CA, DeBenedectis CM, Lazarus E. MR imaging evaluation of abdominal pain during pregnancy: appendicitis and other nonobstetric causes. Radiographics 2012; 32:317.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f30_40_31370

Kessler N, Cyteval C, Gallix B, et al. Appendicitis: evaluation of sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of US, Doppler US, and laboratory findings. Radiology 2004; 230:472. Jeffrey RB Jr, Laing FC, Townsend RR. Acute appendicitis: sonographic criteria based on 250 cases. Radiology 1988; 167:327. Spalluto LB, Woodfield CA, DeBenedectis CM, Lazarus E. MR imaging evaluation of abdominal pain during pregnancy: appendicitis and other nonobstetric causes. Radiographics 2012; 32:317. Oto A, Ernst RD, Ghulmiyyah LM, et al. MR imaging in the triage of pregnant patients with acute abdominal and pelvic pain. Abdom Imaging 2009; 34:243. Pedrosa I, Levine D, Eyvazzadeh AD, et al. MR imaging evaluation of acute appendicitis in pregnancy. Radiology 2006; 238:891. Andersson RE. Meta-analysis of the clinical and laboratory diagnosis of appendicitis. Br J Surg 2004; 91:28. Hong JJ, Cohn SM, Ekeh AP, et al. A prospective randomized study of clinical assessment versus computed tomography for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2003; 4:231. Park JS, Jeong JH, Lee JI, et al. Accuracies of diagnostic methods for acute appendicitis. Am Surg 2013; 79:101. Kosloske AM, Love CL, Rohrer JE, et al. The diagnosis of appendicitis in children: outcomes of a strategy based on pediatric surgical evaluation. Pediatrics 2004; 113:29. Morris KT, Kavanagh M, Hansen P, et al. The rational use of computed tomography scans in the diagnosis of appendicitis. Am J Surg 2002; 183:547. Liu CC, Lu CL, Yen DH, et al. Diagnosis of appendicitis in the ED: comparison of surgical and nonsurgical residents. Am J Emerg Med 2001; 19:109. Denizbasi A, Unluer EE. The role of the emergency medicine resident using the Alvarado score in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis compared with the general surgery resident. Eur J Emerg Med 2003; 10:296. Kharbanda AB, Fishman SJ, Bachur RG. Comparison of pediatric emergency physicians' and surgeons' evaluation and diagnosis of appendicitis. Acad Emerg Med 2008; 15:119. Yen K, Karpas A, Pinkerton HJ, Gorelick MH. Interexaminer reliability in physical examination of pediatric patients with abdominal pain. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2005; 159:373. Daehlin L. Acute appendicitis during the first three years of life. Acta Chir Scand 1982; 148:291. Horattas MC, Guyton DP, Wu D. A reappraisal of appendicitis in the elderly. Am J Surg 1990; 160:291.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f30_40_31370

Yen K, Karpas A, Pinkerton HJ, Gorelick MH. Interexaminer reliability in physical examination of pediatric patients with abdominal pain. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2005; 159:373. Daehlin L. Acute appendicitis during the first three years of life. Acta Chir Scand 1982; 148:291. Horattas MC, Guyton DP, Wu D. A reappraisal of appendicitis in the elderly. Am J Surg 1990; 160:291. Pittman-Waller VA, Myers JG, Stewart RM, et al. Appendicitis: why so complicated? Analysis of 5755 consecutive appendectomies. Am Surg 2000; 66:548. Hale DA, Molloy M, Pearl RH, et al. Appendectomy: a contemporary appraisal. Ann Surg 1997; 225:252. Ceydeli A, Lavotshkin S, Yu J, Wise L. When should we order a CT scan and when should we rely on the results to diagnose an acute appendicitis? Curr Surg 2006; 63:464. Townsend, CM, Beauchamp, RD, Evers, BM, Mattox, KL. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery, 18th ed, Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA 2007. Alvarado A. A practical score for the early diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Ann Emerg Med 1986; 15:557. Kalan M, Talbot D, Cunliffe WJ, Rich AJ. Evaluation of the modified Alvarado score in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis: a prospective study. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1994; 76:418. Ohle R, O'Reilly F, O'Brien KK, et al. The Alvarado score for predicting acute appendicitis: a systematic review. BMC Med 2011; 9:139. McKay R, Shepherd J. The use of the clinical scoring system by Alvarado in the decision to perform computed tomography for acute appendicitis in the ED. Am J Emerg Med 2007; 25:489. Horzi�� M, Salamon A, Kopljar M, et al. Analysis of scores in diagnosis of acute appendicitis in women. Coll Antropol 2005; 29:133. Ohmann C, Franke C, Yang Q. Clinical benefit of a diagnostic score for appendicitis: results of a prospective interventional study. German Study Group of Acute Abdominal Pain. Arch Surg 1999; 134:993. Enochsson L, Gudbjartsson T, Hellberg A, et al. The Fenyö-Lindberg scoring system for appendicitis increases positive predictive value in fertile women--a prospective study in 455 patients randomized to either laparoscopic or open appendectomy. Surg Endosc 2004; 18:1509. Liu JL, Wyatt JC, Deeks JJ, et al. Systematic reviews of clinical decision tools for acute abdominal pain. Health Technol Assess 2006; 10:1.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f30_40_31370

Enochsson L, Gudbjartsson T, Hellberg A, et al. The Fenyö-Lindberg scoring system for appendicitis increases positive predictive value in fertile women--a prospective study in 455 patients randomized to either laparoscopic or open appendectomy. Surg Endosc 2004; 18:1509. Liu JL, Wyatt JC, Deeks JJ, et al. Systematic reviews of clinical decision tools for acute abdominal pain. Health Technol Assess 2006; 10:1. SCOAP Collaborative, Cuschieri J, Florence M, et al. Negative appendectomy and imaging accuracy in the Washington State Surgical Care and Outcomes Assessment Program. Ann Surg 2008; 248:557. Wagner PL, Eachempati SR, Soe K, et al. Defining the current negative appendectomy rate: for whom is preoperative computed tomography making an impact? Surgery 2008; 144:276. Schuler JG, Shortsleeve MJ, Goldenson RS, et al. Is there a role for abdominal computed tomographic scans in appendicitis? Arch Surg 1998; 133:373. Flum DR, Morris A, Koepsell T, Dellinger EP. Has misdiagnosis of appendicitis decreased over time? A population-based analysis. JAMA 2001; 286:1748. Flum DR, McClure TD, Morris A, Koepsell T. Misdiagnosis of appendicitis and the use of diagnostic imaging. J Am Coll Surg 2005; 201:933. Jones K, Peña AA, Dunn EL, et al. Are negative appendectomies still acceptable? Am J Surg 2004; 188:748. Wilson EB. Surgical evaluation of appendicitis in the new era of radiographic imaging. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2003; 24:65. Perez J, Barone JE, Wilbanks TO, et al. Liberal use of computed tomography scanning does not improve diagnostic accuracy in appendicitis. Am J Surg 2003; 185:194. Gaitini D, Beck-Razi N, Mor-Yosef D, et al. Diagnosing acute appendicitis in adults: accuracy of color Doppler sonography and MDCT compared with surgery and clinical follow-up. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2008; 190:1300. Terasawa T, Blackmore CC, Bent S, Kohlwes RJ. Systematic review: computed tomography and ultrasonography to detect acute appendicitis in adults and adolescents. Ann Intern Med 2004; 141:537. Rao PM, Rhea JT, Novelline RA, et al. Helical CT combined with contrast material administered only through the colon for imaging of suspected appendicitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997; 169:1275. Ege G, Akman H, Sahin A, et al. Diagnostic value of unenhanced helical CT in adult patients with suspected acute appendicitis. Br J Radiol 2002; 75:721.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f30_40_31370

Rao PM, Rhea JT, Novelline RA, et al. Helical CT combined with contrast material administered only through the colon for imaging of suspected appendicitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997; 169:1275. Ege G, Akman H, Sahin A, et al. Diagnostic value of unenhanced helical CT in adult patients with suspected acute appendicitis. Br J Radiol 2002; 75:721. Lane MJ, Katz DS, Ross BA, et al. Unenhanced helical CT for suspected acute appendicitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997; 168:405. Lee SL, Ho HS. Ultrasonography and computed tomography in suspected acute appendicitis. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2003; 24:69. Romero J, Sanabria A, Angarita M, Varón JC. Cost-effectiveness of computed tomography and ultrasound in the diagnosis of appendicitis. Biomedica 2008; 28:139. Morse BC, Roettger RH, Kalbaugh CA, et al. Abdominal CT scanning in reproductive-age women with right lower quadrant abdominal pain: does its use reduce negative appendectomy rates and healthcare costs? Am Surg 2007; 73:580. Rao PM, Rhea JT, Novelline RA, et al. Effect of computed tomography of the appendix on treatment of patients and use of hospital resources. N Engl J Med 1998; 338:141. Johansson EP, Rydh A, Riklund KA. Ultrasound, computed tomography, and laboratory findings in the diagnosis of appendicitis. Acta Radiol 2007; 48:267. Rao PM, Rhea JT, Rattner DW, et al. Introduction of appendiceal CT: impact on negative appendectomy and appendiceal perforation rates. Ann Surg 1999; 229:344. DeArmond GM, Dent DL, Myers JG, et al. Appendicitis: selective use of abdominal CT reduces negative appendectomy rate. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2003; 4:213. Lin KH, Leung WS, Wang CP, Chen WK. Cost analysis of management in acute appendicitis with CT scanning under a hospital global budgeting scheme. Emerg Med J 2008; 25:149. Colson M, Skinner KA, Dunnington G. High negative appendectomy rates are no longer acceptable. Am J Surg 1997; 174:723. White JJ, Santillana M, Haller JA Jr. Intensive in-hospital observation: a safe way to decrease unnecessary appendectomy. Am Surg 1975; 41:793. Lee TH, Kim JO, Kim JJ, et al. A case of intussuscepted Meckel's diverticulum. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:5109. Banli O, Karakoyun R, Altun H. Ileo-ileal intussusception due to inverted Meckel's diverticulum. Acta Chir Belg 2009; 109:516. Topic 1386 Version 15.0

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f30_40_31370

White JJ, Santillana M, Haller JA Jr. Intensive in-hospital observation: a safe way to decrease unnecessary appendectomy. Am Surg 1975; 41:793. Lee TH, Kim JO, Kim JJ, et al. A case of intussuscepted Meckel's diverticulum. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:5109. Banli O, Karakoyun R, Altun H. Ileo-ileal intussusception due to inverted Meckel's diverticulum. Acta Chir Belg 2009; 109:516. Topic 1386 Version 15.0 © 2013 UpToDate, Inc. All rights reserved. | Subscription and License Agreement | Release: 21.4 - C21.36 Licensed to: Southeast Alabama Med Ctr | Support Tag: [0604-118.195.65.248-259ED97FEC-S244013.14]