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Reynolds SL, Jaffe DM. Diagnosing abdominal pain in a pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care 1992; 8:126. Addiss DG, Shaffer N, Fowler BS, Tauxe RV. The epidemiology of appendicitis and appendectomy in the United States. Am J Epidemiol 1990; 132:910. Ohmann C, Franke C, Kraemer M, Yang Q. [Status report on epidemiology of acute appendicitis]. Chirurg 2002; 73:769. Anderson JE, Bickler SW, Chang DC, Talamini MA. Examining a common disease with unknown etiology: trends in epidemiology and surgical management of appendicitis in California, 1995-2009. World J Surg 2012; 36:2787. Graham JM, Pokorny WJ, Harberg FJ. Acute appendicitis in preschool age children. Am J Surg 1980; 139:247. Rothrock SG, Pagane J. Acute appendicitis in children: emergency department diagnosis and management. Ann Emerg Med 2000; 36:39. Rothrock SG, Skeoch G, Rush JJ, Johnson NE. Clinical features of misdiagnosed appendicitis in children. Ann Emerg Med 1991; 20:45. Schwartz KL, Gilad E, Sigalet D, et al. Neonatal acute appendicitis: a proposed algorithm for timely diagnosis. J Pediatr Surg 2011; 46:2060. Horwitz JR, Gursoy M, Jaksic T, Lally KP. Importance of diarrhea as a presenting symptom of appendicitis in very young children. Am J Surg 1997; 173:80. Nance ML, Adamson WT, Hedrick HL. Appendicitis in the young child: a continuing diagnostic challenge. Pediatr Emerg Care 2000; 16:160. Colvin JM, Bachur R, Kharbanda A. The presentation of appendicitis in preadolescent children. Pediatr Emerg Care 2007; 23:849. Sakellaris G, Tilemis S, Charissis G. Acute appendicitis in preschool-age children. Eur J Pediatr 2005; 164:80. Lee SL, Stark R, Yaghoubian A, et al. Does age affect the outcomes and management of pediatric appendicitis? J Pediatr Surg 2011; 46:2342. Bratton SL, Haberkern CM, Waldhausen JH. Acute appendicitis risks of complications: age and Medicaid insurance. Pediatrics 2000; 106:75. Bachur RG, Hennelly K, Callahan MJ, et al. Diagnostic imaging and negative appendectomy rates in children: effects of age and gender. Pediatrics 2012; 129:877. Wagner JM, McKinney WP, Carpenter JL. Does this patient have appendicitis? JAMA 1996; 276:1589. Becker T, Kharbanda A, Bachur R. Atypical clinical features of pediatric appendicitis. Acad Emerg Med 2007; 14:124. Green R, Bulloch B, Kabani A, et al. Early analgesia for children with acute abdominal pain. Pediatrics 2005; 116:978.
Wagner JM, McKinney WP, Carpenter JL. Does this patient have appendicitis? JAMA 1996; 276:1589. Becker T, Kharbanda A, Bachur R. Atypical clinical features of pediatric appendicitis. Acad Emerg Med 2007; 14:124. Green R, Bulloch B, Kabani A, et al. Early analgesia for children with acute abdominal pain. Pediatrics 2005; 116:978. Bailey B, Bergeron S, Gravel J, et al. Efficacy and impact of intravenous morphine before surgical consultation in children with right lower quadrant pain suggestive of appendicitis: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med 2007; 50:371. Anderson M, Collins E. Analgesia for children with acute abdominal pain and diagnostic accuracy. Arch Dis Child 2008; 93:995. Kessler C, Bauer SJ. Utility of the digital rectal examination in the emergency department: a review. J Emerg Med 2012; 43:1196. Dunning PG, Goldman MD. The incidence and value of rectal examination in children with suspected appendicitis. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1991; 73:233. Schorlemmer GR, Herbst CA Jr. Perforated neonatal appendicitis. South Med J 1983; 76:536. Karaman A, Cavu��o��lu YH, Karaman I, Cakmak O. Seven cases of neonatal appendicitis with a review of the English language literature of the last century. Pediatr Surg Int 2003; 19:707. Kwok MY, Kim MK, Gorelick MH. Evidence-based approach to the diagnosis of appendicitis in children. Pediatr Emerg Care 2004; 20:690. Sack U, Biereder B, Elouahidi T, et al. Diagnostic value of blood inflammatory markers for detection of acute appendicitis in children. BMC Surg 2006; 6:15. Williams R, Mackway-Jones K. Towards evidence based emergency medicine: best BETs from the Manchester Royal Infirmary. White cell count and diagnosing appendicitis in children. Emerg Med J 2002; 19:428. Kharbanda AB, Cosme Y, Liu K, et al. Discriminative accuracy of novel and traditional biomarkers in children with suspected appendicitis adjusted for duration of abdominal pain. Acad Emerg Med 2011; 18:567. Wang LT, Prentiss KA, Simon JZ, et al. The use of white blood cell count and left shift in the diagnosis of appendicitis in children. Pediatr Emerg Care 2007; 23:69. Peltola H, Ahlqvist J, Rapola J, et al. C-reactive protein compared with white blood cell count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in children. Acta Chir Scand 1986; 152:55.
Wang LT, Prentiss KA, Simon JZ, et al. The use of white blood cell count and left shift in the diagnosis of appendicitis in children. Pediatr Emerg Care 2007; 23:69. Peltola H, Ahlqvist J, Rapola J, et al. C-reactive protein compared with white blood cell count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in children. Acta Chir Scand 1986; 152:55. Chung JL, Kong MS, Lin SL, et al. Diagnostic value of C-reactive protein in children with perforated appendicitis. Eur J Pediatr 1996; 155:529. Kwan KY, Nager AL. Diagnosing pediatric appendicitis: usefulness of laboratory markers. Am J Emerg Med 2010; 28:1009. Gavela T, Cabeza B, Serrano A, Casado-Flores J. C-reactive protein and procalcitonin are predictors of the severity of acute appendicitis in children. Pediatr Emerg Care 2012; 28:416. Blab E, Kohlhuber U, Tillawi S, et al. Advancements in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in children and adolescents. Eur J Pediatr Surg 2004; 14:404. Martin AE, Vollman D, Adler B, Caniano DA. CT scans may not reduce the negative appendectomy rate in children. J Pediatr Surg 2004; 39:886. Partrick DA, Janik JE, Janik JS, et al. Increased CT scan utilization does not improve the diagnostic accuracy of appendicitis in children. J Pediatr Surg 2003; 38:659. Kosloske AM, Love CL, Rohrer JE, et al. The diagnosis of appendicitis in children: outcomes of a strategy based on pediatric surgical evaluation. Pediatrics 2004; 113:29. Goldman RD, Carter S, Stephens D, et al. Prospective validation of the pediatric appendicitis score. J Pediatr 2008; 153:278. Hatcher-Ross K. Sensitivity and specificity of the Pediatric Appendicitis Score. J Pediatr 2009; 154:308. Bhatt M, Joseph L, Ducharme FM, et al. Prospective validation of the pediatric appendicitis score in a Canadian pediatric emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 2009; 16:591. Kharbanda AB, Dudley NC, Bajaj L, et al. Validation and refinement of a prediction rule to identify children at low risk for acute appendicitis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2012; 166:738. Paajanen H, Somppi E. Early childhood appendicitis is still a difficult diagnosis. Acta Paediatr 1996; 85:459. Heitz C, Singer JI. Recurrent abdominal pain and hematuria. Pediatr Emerg Care 2011; 27:663. England RJ, Crabbe DC. Delayed diagnosis of appendicitis in children treated with antibiotics. Pediatr Surg Int 2006; 22:541.
Paajanen H, Somppi E. Early childhood appendicitis is still a difficult diagnosis. Acta Paediatr 1996; 85:459. Heitz C, Singer JI. Recurrent abdominal pain and hematuria. Pediatr Emerg Care 2011; 27:663. England RJ, Crabbe DC. Delayed diagnosis of appendicitis in children treated with antibiotics. Pediatr Surg Int 2006; 22:541. Samuel M. Pediatric appendicitis score. J Pediatr Surg 2002; 37:877. Kharbanda AB, Taylor GA, Fishman SJ, Bachur RG. A clinical decision rule to identify children at low risk for appendicitis. Pediatrics 2005; 116:709. Alvarado A. A practical score for the early diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Ann Emerg Med 1986; 15:557. Kharbanda AB, Stevenson MD, Macias CG, et al. Interrater reliability of clinical findings in children with possible appendicitis. Pediatrics 2012; 129:695. Ohle R, O'Reilly F, O'Brien KK, et al. The Alvarado score for predicting acute appendicitis: a systematic review. BMC Med 2011; 9:139. Brenner D, Elliston C, Hall E, Berdon W. Estimated risks of radiation-induced fatal cancer from pediatric CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001; 176:289. York D, Smith A, Phillips JD, von Allmen D. The influence of advanced radiographic imaging on the treatment of pediatric appendicitis. J Pediatr Surg 2005; 40:1908. Klig JE. Issues of computerized tomography scans in children and implications for emergency care. Curr Opin Pediatr 2006; 18:231. Antevil JL, Rivera L, Langenberg BJ, et al. Computed tomography-based clinical diagnostic pathway for acute appendicitis: prospective validation. J Am Coll Surg 2006; 203:849. Hernandez JA, Swischuk LE, Angel CA, et al. Imaging of acute appendicitis: US as the primary imaging modality. Pediatr Radiol 2005; 35:392. Vázquez BJ, Thomas R, Pfluke J, et al. Clinical presentation and treatment considerations in children with acute omental torsion: a retrospective review. Am Surg 2010; 76:385. Mavridis G, Georgios M, Livaditi E, et al. Primary omental torsion in children: ten-year experience. Pediatr Surg Int 2007; 23:879. Dann PH, Amodio JB, Rivera R, Fefferman NR. Primary bacterial peritonitis in otherwise healthy children: imaging findings. Pediatr Radiol 2005; 35:198. Antal P, Gauderer M, Koshy M, Berman B. Is the incidence of appendicitis reduced in patients with sickle cell disease? Pediatrics 1998; 101:E7. Al-Nazer MA, Al-Saeed HH, Al-Salem AH. Acute appendicitis in patients with sickle cell disease. Saudi Med J 2003; 24:974.
Dann PH, Amodio JB, Rivera R, Fefferman NR. Primary bacterial peritonitis in otherwise healthy children: imaging findings. Pediatr Radiol 2005; 35:198. Antal P, Gauderer M, Koshy M, Berman B. Is the incidence of appendicitis reduced in patients with sickle cell disease? Pediatrics 1998; 101:E7. Al-Nazer MA, Al-Saeed HH, Al-Salem AH. Acute appendicitis in patients with sickle cell disease. Saudi Med J 2003; 24:974. Pezone I, Iezzi ML, Leone S. Retrocardiac pneumonia mimicking acute abdomen: a diagnostic challenge. Pediatr Emerg Care 2012; 28:1230. Schulte B, Beyer D, Kaiser C, et al. Ultrasonography in suspected acute appendicitis in childhood-report of 1285 cases. Eur J Ultrasound 1998; 8:177. Topic 6479 Version 13.0 © 2013 UpToDate, Inc. All rights reserved. | Subscription and License Agreement | Release: 21.4 - C21.36 Licensed to: Southeast Alabama Med Ctr | Support Tag: [1103-200.131.240.2-13CD9D8202-S244013.14]