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REFERENCES Wald ER, Chiponis D, Ledesma-Medina J. Comparative effectiveness of amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanate potassium in acute paranasal sinus infections in children: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pediatrics 1986; 77:795. Wald ER, Nash D, Eickhoff J. Effectiveness of amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium in the treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis in children. Pediatrics 2009; 124:9. American Academy of Pediatrics. Subcommittee on Management of Sinusitis and Committee on Quality Improvement. Clinical practice guideline: management of sinusitis. Pediatrics 2001; 108:798. Chow AW, Benninger MS, Brook I, et al. IDSA clinical practice guideline for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis in children and adults. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 54:e72. Wald ER, Milmoe GJ, Bowen A, et al. Acute maxillary sinusitis in children. N Engl J Med 1981; 304:749. Meltzer EO, Hamilos DL, Hadley JA, et al. Rhinosinusitis: establishing definitions for clinical research and patient care. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 114:155. Meltzer EO, Hamilos DL, Hadley JA, et al. Rhinosinusitis: Developing guidance for clinical trials. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2006; 135:S31. Thomas M, Yawn BP, Price D, et al. EPOS Primary Care Guidelines: European Position Paper on the Primary Care Diagnosis and Management of Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2007 - a summary. Prim Care Respir J 2008; 17:79. Gwaltney JM Jr, Scheld WM, Sande MA, Sydnor A. The microbial etiology and antimicrobial therapy of adults with acute community-acquired sinusitis: a fifteen-year experience at the University of Virginia and review of other selected studies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1992; 90:457. Wald ER. Microbiology of acute and chronic sinusitis in children and adults. Am J Med Sci 1998; 316:13. Cherry JD, Shapiro NL. Sinusitis. In: Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 6th, Feigin RD, Cherry JD, Demmler-Harrison GJ, Kaplan SL (Eds), Saunders, Philadelphia 2009. p.201. Slavin RG, Spector SL, Bernstein IL, et al. The diagnosis and management of sinusitis: a practice parameter update. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 116:S13. Parsons DS, Wald ER. Otitis media and sinusitis: similar diseases. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1996; 29:11. Marchisio P, Ghisalberti E, Fusi M, et al. Paranasal sinuses and middle ear infections: what do they have in common? Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2007; 18 Suppl 18:31.

Slavin RG, Spector SL, Bernstein IL, et al. The diagnosis and management of sinusitis: a practice parameter update. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 116:S13. Parsons DS, Wald ER. Otitis media and sinusitis: similar diseases. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1996; 29:11. Marchisio P, Ghisalberti E, Fusi M, et al. Paranasal sinuses and middle ear infections: what do they have in common? Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2007; 18 Suppl 18:31. Casey JR, Adlowitz DG, Pichichero ME. New patterns in the otopathogens causing acute otitis media six to eight years after introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2010; 29:304. Block SL, Hedrick J, Harrison CJ, et al. Community-wide vaccination with the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate significantly alters the microbiology of acute otitis media. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2004; 23:829. Pichichero M, Casey J, Center K, et al. Efficacy of PCV13 in prevention of AOM and NP colonization in children: First year of data from the US. In: 8th International Symposium of Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases. Iguacu Falls, Brazil 2012. Whitby CR, Kaplan SL, Mason EO Jr, et al. Staphylococcus aureus sinus infections in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2011; 75:118. Huang WH, Hung PK. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in acute rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope 2006; 116:288. Payne SC, Benninger MS. Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen in acute bacterial rhinosinusitis: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 45:e121. Wald ER. Staphylococcus aureus: is it a pathogen of acute bacterial sinusitis in children and adults? Clin Infect Dis 2012; 54:826. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Effects of new penicillin susceptibility breakpoints for Streptococcus pneumoniae--United States, 2006-2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2008; 57:1353. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Active Bacterial Core Surveillance. 2011. Available at: www.cdc.gov/abcs/reports-findings/survreports/spneu09.html (Accessed on April 23, 2012). Harrison CJ, Woods C, Stout G, et al. Susceptibilities of Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, including serotype 19A, and Moraxella catarrhalis paediatric isolates from 2005 to 2007 to commonly used antibiotics. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 63:511.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Active Bacterial Core Surveillance. 2011. Available at: www.cdc.gov/abcs/reports-findings/survreports/spneu09.html (Accessed on April 23, 2012). Harrison CJ, Woods C, Stout G, et al. Susceptibilities of Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, including serotype 19A, and Moraxella catarrhalis paediatric isolates from 2005 to 2007 to commonly used antibiotics. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 63:511. Garbutt J, St Geme JW 3rd, May A, et al. Developing community-specific recommendations for first-line treatment of acute otitis media: is high-dose amoxicillin necessary? Pediatrics 2004; 114:342. Tristram S, Jacobs MR, Appelbaum PC. Antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007; 20:368. Critchley IA, Jacobs MR, Brown SD, et al. Prevalence of serotype 19A Streptococcus pneumoniae among isolates from U.S. children in 2005-2006 and activity of faropenem. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:2639. Jacobs MR, Good CE, Windau AR, et al. Activity of ceftaroline against recent emerging serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:2716. Wald ER, Mason EO Jr, Bradley JS, et al. Acute otitis media caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in children's hospitals between 1994 and 1997. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2001; 20:34. Kellner JD, Ford-Jones EL. Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage in children attending 59 Canadian child care centers. Toronto Child Care Centre Study Group. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1999; 153:495. Chung A, Perera R, Brueggemann AB, et al. Effect of antibiotic prescribing on antibiotic resistance in individual children in primary care: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2007; 335:429. Wald ER, Dashefsky B, Byers C, et al. Frequency and severity of infections in day care. J Pediatr 1988; 112:540. Blomgren K, Alho OP, Ertama L, et al. Acute sinusitis: Finnish clinical practice guidelines. Scand J Infect Dis 2005; 37:245. Manning SC. Pediatric sinusitis. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1993; 26:623. Garbutt JM, Goldstein M, Gellman E, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of antimicrobial treatment for children with clinically diagnosed acute sinusitis. Pediatrics 2001; 107:619. Ip S, Fu L, Balk E, et al. Update on acute bacterial rhinosinusitis. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Summ) 2005; :1.

Manning SC. Pediatric sinusitis. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1993; 26:623. Garbutt JM, Goldstein M, Gellman E, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of antimicrobial treatment for children with clinically diagnosed acute sinusitis. Pediatrics 2001; 107:619. Ip S, Fu L, Balk E, et al. Update on acute bacterial rhinosinusitis. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Summ) 2005; :1. Bradley JS, Jackson MA, Committee on Infectious Diseases, American Academy of Pediatrics. The use of systemic and topical fluoroquinolones. Pediatrics 2011; 128:e1034. Critchley IA, Brown SD, Traczewski MM, et al. National and regional assessment of antimicrobial resistance among community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens identified in a 2005-2006 U.S. Faropenem surveillance study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:4382. Sahm DF, Brown NP, Draghi DC, et al. Tracking resistance among bacterial respiratory tract pathogens: summary of findings of the TRUST Surveillance Initiative, 2001-2005. Postgrad Med 2008; 120:8. American Academy of Pediatrics. Principles of appropriate use for upper respiratory tract infections. In: Red Book: 2012 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, 29th, Pickering LK. (Ed), American Academy of Pediatrics, Elk Grove Village, IL 2012. p.802. Karageorgopoulos DE, Giannopoulou KP, Grammatikos AP, et al. Fluoroquinolones compared with beta-lactam antibiotics for the treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. CMAJ 2008; 178:845. Fenoll A, Giménez MJ, Robledo O, et al. In vitro activity of oral cephalosporins against pediatric isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae non-susceptible to penicillin, amoxicillin or erythromycin. J Chemother 2008; 20:175. Sader HS, Jacobs MR, Fritsche TR. Review of the spectrum and potency of orally administered cephalosporins and amoxicillin/clavulanate. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 57:5S. Jansen WT, Verel A, Beitsma M, et al. Surveillance study of the susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae to various antibacterial agents in Europe and Canada. Curr Med Res Opin 2008; 24:2853. Wald ER, Reilly JS, Casselbrant M, et al. Treatment of acute maxillary sinusitis in childhood: a comparative study of amoxicillin and cefaclor. J Pediatr 1984; 104:297. Wald ER. Sinusitis. In: Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 4th, Long SS, Pickering LK, Prober CG. (Eds), Elsevier Saunders, Edinburgh 2012. p.227.

Wald ER, Reilly JS, Casselbrant M, et al. Treatment of acute maxillary sinusitis in childhood: a comparative study of amoxicillin and cefaclor. J Pediatr 1984; 104:297. Wald ER. Sinusitis. In: Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 4th, Long SS, Pickering LK, Prober CG. (Eds), Elsevier Saunders, Edinburgh 2012. p.227. Shapiro GG, Virant FS, Furukawa CT, et al. Immunologic defects in patients with refractory sinusitis. Pediatrics 1991; 87:311. Wald ER. Microbiology of acute and chronic sinusitis in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1992; 90:452. Wald ER. Sinusitis. Pediatr Ann 1998; 27:811. Leung AK, Kellner JD. Acute sinusitis in children: diagnosis and management. J Pediatr Health Care 2004; 18:72. Ioannidis JP, Lau J. Technical report: evidence for the diagnosis and treatment of acute uncomplicated sinusitis in children: a systematic overview. Pediatrics 2001; 108:E57. Novembre E, Mori F, Pucci N, et al. Systemic treatment of rhinosinusitis in children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2007; 18 Suppl 18:56. Shaikh N, Wald ER, Pi M. Decongestants, antihistamines and nasal irrigation for acute sinusitis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 9:CD007909. Wang YH, Yang CP, Ku MS, et al. Efficacy of nasal irrigation in the treatment of acute sinusitis in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2009; 73:1696. McCormick DP, John SD, Swischuk LE, Uchida T. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of decongestant-antihistamine for the treatment of sinusitis in children. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1996; 35:457. Patow CA, Kaliner M. Corticosteroid treatment of rhinologic diseases. Ear Nose Throat J 1983; 62:14. Barlan IB, Erkan E, Bakir M, et al. Intranasal budesonide spray as an adjunct to oral antibiotic therapy for acute sinusitis in children. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1997; 78:598. Meltzer EO, Orgel HA, Backhaus JW, et al. Intranasal flunisolide spray as an adjunct to oral antibiotic therapy for sinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1993; 92:812. Topic 5999 Version 7.0 © 2013 UpToDate, Inc. All rights reserved. | Subscription and License Agreement | Release: 21.4 - C21.36 Licensed to: Southeast Alabama Med Ctr | Support Tag: [0504-58.240.98.179-4C9EBFD82E-S244013.14]