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referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f8_54_9066

REFERENCES Platt OS, Brambilla DJ, Rosse WF, et al. Mortality in sickle cell disease. Life expectancy and risk factors for early death. N Engl J Med 1994; 330:1639. Thomas AN, Pattison C, Serjeant GR. Causes of death in sickle-cell disease in Jamaica. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1982; 285:633. Ballas SK, Lieff S, Benjamin LJ, et al. Definitions of the phenotypic manifestations of sickle cell disease. Am J Hematol 2010; 85:6. Dang NC, Johnson C, Eslami-Farsani M, Haywood LJ. Bone marrow embolism in sickle cell disease: a review. Am J Hematol 2005; 79:61. Vichinsky EP, Neumayr LD, Earles AN, et al. Causes and outcomes of the acute chest syndrome in sickle cell disease. National Acute Chest Syndrome Study Group. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:1855. Godeau B, Schaeffer A, Bachir D, et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage in adult sickle cell patients with acute chest syndrome: value for diagnostic assessment of fat embolism. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153:1691. Vichinsky EP, Styles LA, Colangelo LH, et al. Acute chest syndrome in sickle cell disease: clinical presentation and course. Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease. Blood 1997; 89:1787. Castro O, Brambilla DJ, Thorington B, et al. The acute chest syndrome in sickle cell disease: incidence and risk factors. The Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease. Blood 1994; 84:643. Maitre B, Habibi A, Roudot-Thoraval F, et al. Acute chest syndrome in adults with sickle cell disease. Chest 2000; 117:1386. Cohen RT, DeBaun MR, Blinder MA, et al. Smoking is associated with an increased risk of acute chest syndrome and pain among adults with sickle cell disease. Blood 2010; 115:3852. Powars D, Weidman JA, Odom-Maryon T, et al. Sickle cell chronic lung disease: prior morbidity and the risk of pulmonary failure. Medicine (Baltimore) 1988; 67:66. Field JJ, Burdick MD, DeBaun MR, et al. The role of fibrocytes in sickle cell lung disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33702. Gladwin MT, Sachdev V, Jison ML, et al. Pulmonary hypertension as a risk factor for death in patients with sickle cell disease. N Engl J Med 2004; 350:886. Zaidi Y, Sivakumaran M, Graham C, Hutchinson RM. Fatal bone marrow embolism in a patient with sickle cell beta + thalassaemia. J Clin Pathol 1996; 49:774.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f8_54_9066

Field JJ, Burdick MD, DeBaun MR, et al. The role of fibrocytes in sickle cell lung disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33702. Gladwin MT, Sachdev V, Jison ML, et al. Pulmonary hypertension as a risk factor for death in patients with sickle cell disease. N Engl J Med 2004; 350:886. Zaidi Y, Sivakumaran M, Graham C, Hutchinson RM. Fatal bone marrow embolism in a patient with sickle cell beta + thalassaemia. J Clin Pathol 1996; 49:774. Scully RE, Mark EJ, McNeely WF, et al. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 20-1997. A 74-year-old man with progressive cough, dyspnea, and pleural thickening. N Engl J Med 1997; 336:1895. Hutchinson RM, Merrick MV, White JM. Fat embolism in sickle cell disease. J Clin Pathol 1973; 26:620. Lechapt E, Habibi A, Bachir D, et al. Induced sputum versus bronchoalveolar lavage during acute chest syndrome in sickle cell disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 168:1373. Rayburg M, Kalinyak KA, Towbin AJ, et al. Fatal bone marrow embolism in a child with hemoglobin SE disease. Am J Hematol 2010; 85:182. Ataga KI, Orringer EP. Bone marrow necrosis in sickle cell disease: a description of three cases and a review of the literature. Am J Med Sci 2000; 320:342. Vichinsky E, Williams R, Das M, et al. Pulmonary fat embolism: a distinct cause of severe acute chest syndrome in sickle cell anemia. Blood 1994; 83:3107. Shapiro MP, Hayes JA. Fat embolism in sickle cell disease. Report of a case with brief review of the literature. Arch Intern Med 1984; 144:181. Garza JA. Massive fat and necrotic bone marrow embolization in a previously undiagnosed patient with sickle cell disease. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1990; 11:83. Melton CW, Haynes J Jr. Sickle acute lung injury: role of prevention and early aggressive intervention strategies on outcome. Clin Chest Med 2006; 27:487. Kaplan RP, Grant JN, Kaufman AJ. Dermatologic features of the fat embolism syndrome. Cutis 1986; 38:52. Lowenthal EA, Wells A, Emanuel PD, et al. Sickle cell acute chest syndrome associated with parvovirus B19 infection: case series and review. Am J Hematol 1996; 51:207. Gladwin MT, Vichinsky E. Pulmonary complications of sickle cell disease. N Engl J Med 2008; 359:2254. PELTIER LF. Fat embolism. III. The toxic properties of neutral fat and free fatty acids. Surgery 1956; 40:665.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f8_54_9066

Lowenthal EA, Wells A, Emanuel PD, et al. Sickle cell acute chest syndrome associated with parvovirus B19 infection: case series and review. Am J Hematol 1996; 51:207. Gladwin MT, Vichinsky E. Pulmonary complications of sickle cell disease. N Engl J Med 2008; 359:2254. PELTIER LF. Fat embolism. III. The toxic properties of neutral fat and free fatty acids. Surgery 1956; 40:665. Hassell KL, Eckman JR, Lane PA. Acute multiorgan failure syndrome: a potentially catastrophic complication of severe sickle cell pain episodes. Am J Med 1994; 96:155. Dean D, Neumayr L, Kelly DM, et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae and acute chest syndrome in patients with sickle cell disease. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2003; 25:46. Neumayr L, Lennette E, Kelly D, et al. Mycoplasma disease and acute chest syndrome in sickle cell disease. Pediatrics 2003; 112:87. Graham JK, Mosunjac M, Hanzlick RL, Mosunjac M. Sickle cell lung disease and sudden death: a retrospective/prospective study of 21 autopsy cases and literature review. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2007; 28:168. Darbari DS, Kple-Faget P, Kwagyan J, et al. Circumstances of death in adult sickle cell disease patients. Am J Hematol 2006; 81:858. Manci EA, Culberson DE, Yang YM, et al. Causes of death in sickle cell disease: an autopsy study. Br J Haematol 2003; 123:359. Haque AK, Gokhale S, Rampy BA, et al. Pulmonary hypertension in sickle cell hemoglobinopathy: a clinicopathologic study of 20 cases. Hum Pathol 2002; 33:1037. Collins FS, Orringer EP. Pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale in the sickle hemoglobinopathies. Am J Med 1982; 73:814. Adedeji MO, Cespedes J, Allen K, et al. Pulmonary thrombotic arteriopathy in patients with sickle cell disease. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2001; 125:1436. Sutton LL, Castro O, Cross DJ, et al. Pulmonary hypertension in sickle cell disease. Am J Cardiol 1994; 74:626. Charache S, Scott JC, Charache P. "Acute chest syndrome" in adults with sickle cell anemia. Microbiology, treatment, and prevention. Arch Intern Med 1979; 139:67. Stuart MJ, Setty BN. Sickle cell acute chest syndrome: pathogenesis and rationale for treatment. Blood 1999; 94:1555. Davies SC, Luce PJ, Win AA, et al. Acute chest syndrome in sickle-cell disease. Lancet 1984; 1:36. Bhalla M, Abboud MR, McLoud TC, et al. Acute chest syndrome in sickle cell disease: CT evidence of microvascular occlusion. Radiology 1993; 187:45.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f8_54_9066

Stuart MJ, Setty BN. Sickle cell acute chest syndrome: pathogenesis and rationale for treatment. Blood 1999; 94:1555. Davies SC, Luce PJ, Win AA, et al. Acute chest syndrome in sickle-cell disease. Lancet 1984; 1:36. Bhalla M, Abboud MR, McLoud TC, et al. Acute chest syndrome in sickle cell disease: CT evidence of microvascular occlusion. Radiology 1993; 187:45. Feldman L, Gross R, Garon J, et al. Sickle cell patient with an acute chest syndrome and a negative chest X-ray: potential role of the ventilation and perfusion (V/Q) lung scan. Am J Hematol 2003; 74:214. Buchowski MS, Swift LL, Akohoue SA, et al. Defects in postabsorptive plasma homeostasis of fatty acids in sickle cell disease. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2007; 31:263. el-Hazmi MA, Jabbar FA, Warsy AS. Cholesterol and triglyceride level in patients with sickle cell anaemia. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1987; 47:351. Westerman MP, Diloy-Puray M, Streczyn M. Membrane components in the red cells of patients with sickle cell anemia. Relationship to cell aging and to irreversibility of sickling. Biochim Biophys Acta 1979; 557:149. Stone WL, Payne PH, Adebonojo FO. Plasma-vitamin E and low plasma lipoprotein levels in sickle cell anemia patients. J Assoc Acad Minor Phys 1990; 1:12. Sasaki J, Waterman MR, Buchanan GR, Cottam GL. Plasma and erythrocyte lipids in sickle cell anaemia. Clin Lab Haematol 1983; 5:35. Marzouki ZM, Khoja SM. Plasma and red blood cells membrane lipid concentration of sickle cell disease patients. Saudi Med J 2003; 24:376. el-Hazmi MA, Warsy AS, al-Swailem A, et al. Red cell genetic disorders and plasma lipids. J Trop Pediatr 1995; 41:202. Fitzhugh CD, Lauder N, Jonassaint JC, et al. Cardiopulmonary complications leading to premature deaths in adult patients with sickle cell disease. Am J Hematol 2010; 85:36. Haywood LJ. Cardiovascular function and dysfunction in sickle cell anemia. J Natl Med Assoc 2009; 101:24. Martin CR, Cobb C, Tatter D, et al. Acute myocardial infarction in sickle cell anemia. Arch Intern Med 1983; 143:830. Norris S, Johnson CS, Haywood LJ. Sickle cell anemia: does myocardial ischemia occur during crisis? J Natl Med Assoc 1991; 83:209. Styles LA, Schalkwijk CG, Aarsman AJ, et al. Phospholipase A2 levels in acute chest syndrome of sickle cell disease. Blood 1996; 87:2573.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f8_54_9066

Martin CR, Cobb C, Tatter D, et al. Acute myocardial infarction in sickle cell anemia. Arch Intern Med 1983; 143:830. Norris S, Johnson CS, Haywood LJ. Sickle cell anemia: does myocardial ischemia occur during crisis? J Natl Med Assoc 1991; 83:209. Styles LA, Schalkwijk CG, Aarsman AJ, et al. Phospholipase A2 levels in acute chest syndrome of sickle cell disease. Blood 1996; 87:2573. Styles LA, Aarsman AJ, Vichinsky EP, Kuypers FA. Secretory phospholipase A(2) predicts impending acute chest syndrome in sickle cell disease. Blood 2000; 96:3276. Verduzco LA, Nathan DG. Sickle cell disease and stroke. Blood 2009; 114:5117. Vichinsky EP, Luban NL, Wright E, et al. Prospective RBC phenotype matching in a stroke-prevention trial in sickle cell anemia: a multicenter transfusion trial. Transfusion 2001; 41:1086. Vichinsky EP, Earles A, Johnson RA, et al. Alloimmunization in sickle cell anemia and transfusion of racially unmatched blood. N Engl J Med 1990; 322:1617. Reagan MM, DeBaun MR, Frei-Jones MJ. Multi-modal intervention for the inpatient management of sickle cell pain significantly decreases the rate of acute chest syndrome. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 56:262. Goyal M, Donoghue A, Schwab S, et al. Severe hemolytic crisis after ceftriaxone administration. Pediatr Emerg Care 2011; 27:322. Schuettpelz LG, Behrens D, Goldsmith MI, Druley TE. Severe ceftriaxone-induced hemolysis complicated by diffuse cerebral ischemia in a child with sickle cell disease. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2009; 31:870. Bernini JC, Rogers ZR, Sandler ES, et al. Beneficial effect of intravenous dexamethasone in children with mild to moderately severe acute chest syndrome complicating sickle cell disease. Blood 1998; 92:3082. Strouse JJ, Takemoto CM, Keefer JR, et al. Corticosteroids and increased risk of readmission after acute chest syndrome in children with sickle cell disease. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008; 50:1006. Griffin TC, McIntire D, Buchanan GR. High-dose intravenous methylprednisolone therapy for pain in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease. N Engl J Med 1994; 330:733. Bellet PS, Kalinyak KA, Shukla R, et al. Incentive spirometry to prevent acute pulmonary complications in sickle cell diseases. N Engl J Med 1995; 333:699. Weston Smith SG, Glass UH, Acharya J, Pearson TC. Pulse oximetry in sickle cell disease. Clin Lab Haematol 1989; 11:185.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f8_54_9066

Griffin TC, McIntire D, Buchanan GR. High-dose intravenous methylprednisolone therapy for pain in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease. N Engl J Med 1994; 330:733. Bellet PS, Kalinyak KA, Shukla R, et al. Incentive spirometry to prevent acute pulmonary complications in sickle cell diseases. N Engl J Med 1995; 333:699. Weston Smith SG, Glass UH, Acharya J, Pearson TC. Pulse oximetry in sickle cell disease. Clin Lab Haematol 1989; 11:185. Rackoff WR, Kunkel N, Silber JH, et al. Pulse oximetry and factors associated with hemoglobin oxygen desaturation in children with sickle cell disease. Blood 1993; 81:3422. Kress JP, Pohlman AS, Hall JB. Determination of hemoglobin saturation in patients with acute sickle chest syndrome: a comparison of arterial blood gases and pulse oximetry. Chest 1999; 115:1316. Fitzgerald RK, Johnson A. Pulse oximetry in sickle cell anemia. Crit Care Med 2001; 29:1803. Mullin JE, Cooper B, Seicean S, et al. Variability of pulse oximetry measurement over 1 year in children with sickle cell disease depends on initial oxygen saturation measurement. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010; 54:1017. Miller ST, Wright E, Abboud M, et al. Impact of chronic transfusion on incidence of pain and acute chest syndrome during the Stroke Prevention Trial (STOP) in sickle-cell anemia. J Pediatr 2001; 139:785. Charache S, Terrin ML, Moore RD, et al. Effect of hydroxyurea on the frequency of painful crises in sickle cell anemia. Investigators of the Multicenter Study of Hydroxyurea in Sickle Cell Anemia. N Engl J Med 1995; 332:1317. Steinberg MH, McCarthy WF, Castro O, et al. The risks and benefits of long-term use of hydroxyurea in sickle cell anemia: A 17.5 year follow-up. Am J Hematol 2010; 85:403. Voskaridou E, Christoulas D, Bilalis A, et al. The effect of prolonged administration of hydroxyurea on morbidity and mortality in adult patients with sickle cell syndromes: results of a 17-year, single-center trial (LaSHS). Blood 2010; 115:2354. Steinberg MH, Barton F, Castro O, et al. Effect of hydroxyurea on mortality and morbidity in adult sickle cell anemia: risks and benefits up to 9 years of treatment. JAMA 2003; 289:1645. Topic 16353 Version 4.0 © 2013 UpToDate, Inc. All rights reserved. | Subscription and License Agreement | Release: 21.6- C21.56 Licensed to: AsanBook Dig. Med. Lib. | Support Tag: [0605-61.234.146.186-C815FD8784-S244013.14]