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REFERENCES McCarron MM, Wood JD. The cocaine 'body packer' syndrome. Diagnosis and treatment. JAMA 1983; 250:1417. Traub SJ, Hoffman RS, Nelson LS. Body packing--the internal concealment of illicit drugs. N Engl J Med 2003; 349:2519. Simson LR Jr. Sudden death while attempting to conceal illegal drugs: laryngeal obstruction by a package of heroin. J Forensic Sci 1976; 21:378. Roberts JR, Price D, Goldfrank L, Hartnett L. The bodystuffer syndrome: a clandestine form of drug overdose. Am J Emerg Med 1986; 4:24. June R, Aks SE, Keys N, Wahl M. Medical outcome of cocaine bodystuffers. J Emerg Med 2000; 18:221. Hendrickson RG, Horowitz BZ, Norton RL, Notenboom H. "Parachuting" meth: a novel delivery method for methamphetamine and delayed-onset toxicity from "body stuffing". Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2006; 44:379. Püschel K, Stein S, Stobbe S, Heinemann A. Analysis of 683 drug packages seized from "body stuffers". Forensic Sci Int 2004; 140:109. Fineschi V, Centini F, Monciotti F, Turillazzi E. The cocaine "body stuffer" syndrome: a fatal case. Forensic Sci Int 2002; 126:7. Jordan MT, Bryant SM, Aks SE, Wahl M. A five-year review of the medical outcome of heroin body stuffers. J Emerg Med 2009; 36:250. West PL, McKeown NJ, Hendrickson RG. Methamphetamine body stuffers: an observational case series. Ann Emerg Med 2010; 55:190. Aks SE, Vander Hoek TL, Hryhorczuk DO, et al. Cocaine liberation from body packets in an in vitro model. Ann Emerg Med 1992; 21:1321. Sporer KA, Firestone J. Clinical course of crack cocaine body stuffers. Ann Emerg Med 1997; 29:596. Cumpston KL, Laeben L, Crandall C. Life-threatening toxicity in a cocaine ‘‘stuffer’’ greater than fourteen hours from ingestion [abstract]. Clin Toxicol 2005; 43: 670. Booker RJ, Smith JE, Rodger MP. Packers, pushers and stuffers--managing patients with concealed drugs in UK emergency departments: a clinical and medicolegal review. Emerg Med J 2009; 26:316. Havis S, Best D, Carter J. Concealment of drugs by police detainees: lessons learned from adverse incidents and from 'routine' clinical practice. J Clin Forensic Med 2005; 12:237. Norfolk GA. The fatal case of a cocaine body-stuffer and a literature review - towards evidence based management. J Forensic Leg Med 2007; 14:49. Eng JG, Aks SE, Waldron R, et al. False-negative abdominal CT scan in a cocaine body stuffer. Am J Emerg Med 1999; 17:702.
Havis S, Best D, Carter J. Concealment of drugs by police detainees: lessons learned from adverse incidents and from 'routine' clinical practice. J Clin Forensic Med 2005; 12:237. Norfolk GA. The fatal case of a cocaine body-stuffer and a literature review - towards evidence based management. J Forensic Leg Med 2007; 14:49. Eng JG, Aks SE, Waldron R, et al. False-negative abdominal CT scan in a cocaine body stuffer. Am J Emerg Med 1999; 17:702. Merigian KS, Park LJ, Leeper KV, et al. Adrenergic crisis from crack cocaine ingestion: report of five cases. J Emerg Med 1994; 12:485. Chang C, Grush A, McClintock DE, et al. Unusual finding on bronchoscopy: trauma patient identified as a body stuffer. J Clin Anesth 2006; 18:628. Kashani J, Ruha AM. Methamphetamine toxicity secondary to intravaginal body stuffing. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2004; 42:987. Beerman R, Nunez D Jr, Wetli CV. Radiographic evaluation of the cocaine smuggler. Gastrointest Radiol 1986; 11:351. Hoffman RS, Chiang WK, Weisman RS, Goldfrank LR. Prospective evaluation of "crack-vial" ingestions. Vet Hum Toxicol 1990; 32:164. Marc B, Baud FJ, Aelion MJ, et al. The cocaine body-packer syndrome: evaluation of a method of contrast study of the bowel. J Forensic Sci 1990; 35:345. Harchelroad F. Identification of orally ingested cocaine by CT scan. Vet Hum Toxicol 1992; 34:350. Cranston PE, Pollack CV Jr, Harrison RB. CT of crack cocaine ingestion. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1992; 16:560. Pollack CV Jr, Biggers DW, Carlton FB Jr, et al. Two crack cocaine body stuffers. Ann Emerg Med 1992; 21:1370. Schmidt S, Hugli O, Rizzo E, et al. Detection of ingested cocaine-filled packets--diagnostic value of unenhanced CT. Eur J Radiol 2008; 67:133. Hibbard R, Wahl M, Kirshenbaum M, et al. Spiral CT Imaging of Ingested Foreign Bodies Wrapped in Plastic: A Pilot Study Designed to Mimic Cocaine Bodystuffers. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1999; 37:644.(ABS) Presented at the North American Congress of Clinical Toxicology Meeting, La Jolla, CA, 1999 Tomaszewski C, Voorhees S, Wathen J, et al. Cocaine adsorption to activated charcoal in vitro. J Emerg Med 1992; 10:59. Kirshenbaum LA, Sitar DS, Tenenbein M. Interaction between whole-bowel irrigation solution and activated charcoal: implications for the treatment of toxic ingestions. Ann Emerg Med 1990; 19:1129.
Hibbard R, Wahl M, Kirshenbaum M, et al. Spiral CT Imaging of Ingested Foreign Bodies Wrapped in Plastic: A Pilot Study Designed to Mimic Cocaine Bodystuffers. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1999; 37:644.(ABS) Presented at the North American Congress of Clinical Toxicology Meeting, La Jolla, CA, 1999 Tomaszewski C, Voorhees S, Wathen J, et al. Cocaine adsorption to activated charcoal in vitro. J Emerg Med 1992; 10:59. Kirshenbaum LA, Sitar DS, Tenenbein M. Interaction between whole-bowel irrigation solution and activated charcoal: implications for the treatment of toxic ingestions. Ann Emerg Med 1990; 19:1129. Hoffman RS, Smilkstein MJ, Goldfrank LR. Whole bowel irrigation and the cocaine body-packer: a new approach to a common problem. Am J Emerg Med 1990; 8:523. Cumpston KL, Aks SE, Sigg T, Pallasch E. Whole bowel irrigation and the hemodynamically unstable calcium channel blocker overdose: primum non nocere. J Emerg Med 2010; 38:171. Bryant SM, Weiselberg R, Metz J, et al. Treating body stuffers with whole bowel irrigation; should we flush the procedure? NACCT Annual Meeting, Toronto, Canada, September 2008. Wills B, Aks S, Mazor S, et al. Delayed Passage of Heroin Packets by a Body Stuffer. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2004;42;758. Presented at the North American Congress of Clinical Toxicology Meeting, Seattle, WA, 2004. Moreira M, Buchanan J, Heard K. Validation of a 6-hour observation period for cocaine body stuffers. Am J Emerg Med 2011; 29:299. Topic 13845 Version 2.0 © 2013 UpToDate, Inc. All rights reserved. | Subscription and License Agreement | Release: 21.4 - C21.36 Licensed to: Southeast Alabama Med Ctr | Support Tag: [1103-89.32.226.102-C9EBEEE8B0-S244013.14]