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©2013 UpToDate ® Print Email Acute pericarditis etiology: Data from published clinical studies with unselected populations Permanyer-Miralda G. et al. (n = 231) Zayas R. et al. (n = 100) Imazio M. et al. (n = 453) Years 1977-1983 1991-1993 1996-2004 Location Spain Spain Italy Idiopathic 199 (86.0 percent) 78 (78.0 percent) 377 (83.2 percent) Specific etiology 32 (14.0 percent) 22 (22.0 percent) 76 (16.8 percent) Neoplastic 13 (5.6 percent) 7 (7.0 percent) 23 (5.1 percent) Tuberculosis 9 (3.9 percent) 4 (4.0 percent) 17 (3.8 percent) Autoimmune etiologies 4 (1.7 percent) 3 (3.0 percent) 33 (7.3 percent) Purulent 2 (0.9 percent) 1 (1.0 percent) 3 (0.7 percent) Data from: Permanyer-Miralda G, Sagrista-Sauleda J, Soler-Soler J. Primary acute pericardial disease: A prospective series of 231 consecutive patients. Am J Cardiol 1985; 56:623; Zayas R, Anguita M, Torres F, et al. Incidence of specific etiology and role of methods for specific etiologic diagnosis of primary acute pericarditis. Am J Cardiol 1995; 75:378; Imazio M, Cecchi E, Demichelis B, et al. Indicators of poor prognosis of acute pericarditis. Circulation 2007; 115:2739.