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REFERENCES Mannino DM, Homa DM, Akinbami LJ, et al. Surveillance for asthma--United States, 1980-1999. MMWR Surveill Summ 2002; 51:1. Pirie J, Cox P, Johnson D, Schuh S. Changes in treatment and outcomes of children receiving care in the intensive care unit for severe acute asthma. Pediatr Emerg Care 1998; 14:104. Rotta AT. Asthma. In: Pediatric critical care, 3rd ed, Fuhrman BP, Zimmerman JJ (Eds), Mosby, Philadelphia 2006. p.589. Werner HA. Status asthmaticus in children: a review. Chest 2001; 119:1913. Chipps BE, Murphy KR. Assessment and treatment of acute asthma in children. J Pediatr 2005; 147:288. Mountain RD, Sahn SA. Clinical features and outcome in patients with acute asthma presenting with hypercapnia. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988; 138:535. Robertson CF, Rubinfeld AR, Bowes G. Pediatric asthma deaths in Victoria: the mild are at risk. Pediatr Pulmonol 1992; 13:95. Strunk RC, Mrazek DA, Fuhrmann GS, LaBrecque JF. Physiologic and psychological characteristics associated with deaths due to asthma in childhood. A case-controlled study. JAMA 1985; 254:1193. Spitzer WO, Suissa S, Ernst P, et al. The use of beta-agonists and the risk of death and near death from asthma. N Engl J Med 1992; 326:501. Kolbe J, Vamos M, Fergusson W, Elkind G. Determinants of management errors in acute severe asthma. Thorax 1998; 53:14. Ordoñez GA, Phelan PD, Olinsky A, Robertson CF. Preventable factors in hospital admissions for asthma. Arch Dis Child 1998; 78:143. Carr W, Zeitel L, Weiss K. Variations in asthma hospitalizations and deaths in New York City. Am J Public Health 1992; 82:59. Scarfone RJ, Fuchs SM, Nager AL, Shane SA. Controlled trial of oral prednisone in the emergency department treatment of children with acute asthma. Pediatrics 1993; 92:513. Smith SR, Strunk RC. Acute asthma in the pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Clin North Am 1999; 46:1145. Mansel JK, Stogner SW, Petrini MF, Norman JR. Mechanical ventilation in patients with acute severe asthma. Am J Med 1990; 89:42. Dales RE, Munt PW. Use of mechanical ventilation in adults with severe asthma. Can Med Assoc J 1984; 130:391. Roberts JS, Bratton SL, Brogan TV. Acute severe asthma: differences in therapies and outcomes among pediatric intensive care units. Crit Care Med 2002; 30:581. Beakes DE. The use of anticholinergics in asthma. J Asthma 1997; 34:357.
Dales RE, Munt PW. Use of mechanical ventilation in adults with severe asthma. Can Med Assoc J 1984; 130:391. Roberts JS, Bratton SL, Brogan TV. Acute severe asthma: differences in therapies and outcomes among pediatric intensive care units. Crit Care Med 2002; 30:581. Beakes DE. The use of anticholinergics in asthma. J Asthma 1997; 34:357. Stephanopoulos DE, Monge R, Schell KH, et al. Continuous intravenous terbutaline for pediatric status asthmaticus. Crit Care Med 1998; 26:1744. Wheeler DS, Jacobs BR, Kenreigh CA, et al. Theophylline versus terbutaline in treating critically ill children with status asthmaticus: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2005; 6:142. Browne GJ, Penna AS, Phung X, Soo M. Randomised trial of intravenous salbutamol in early management of acute severe asthma in children. Lancet 1997; 349:301. Bohn D, Kalloghlian A, Jenkins J, et al. Intravenous salbutamol in the treatment of status asthmaticus in children. Crit Care Med 1984; 12:892. Fortenberry JD, Del Toro J, Jefferson LS, et al. Management of pediatric acute hypoxemic respiratory insufficiency with bilevel positive pressure (BiPAP) nasal mask ventilation. Chest 1995; 108:1059. Padman R, Lawless ST, Kettrick RG. Noninvasive ventilation via bilevel positive airway pressure support in pediatric practice. Crit Care Med 1998; 26:169. Bernet V, Hug MI, Frey B. Predictive factors for the success of noninvasive mask ventilation in infants and children with acute respiratory failure. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2005; 6:660. Essouri S, Chevret L, Durand P, et al. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation: five years of experience in a pediatric intensive care unit. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2006; 7:329. Piastra M, Conti G, Caresta E, et al. Noninvasive ventilation options in pediatric myasthenia gravis. Paediatr Anaesth 2005; 15:699. Sprague K, Graff G, Tobias DJ. Noninvasive ventilation in respiratory failure due to cystic fibrosis. South Med J 2000; 93:954. Carroll CL, Schramm CM. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation for the treatment of status asthmaticus in children. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2006; 96:454. Akingbola OA, Simakajornboon N, Hadley Jr EF, Hopkins RL. Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation in pediatric status asthmaticus. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2002; 3:181.
Carroll CL, Schramm CM. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation for the treatment of status asthmaticus in children. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2006; 96:454. Akingbola OA, Simakajornboon N, Hadley Jr EF, Hopkins RL. Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation in pediatric status asthmaticus. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2002; 3:181. Thill PJ, McGuire JK, Baden HP, et al. Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation in children with lower airway obstruction. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2004; 5:337. Beers SL, Abramo TJ, Bracken A, Wiebe RA. Bilevel positive airway pressure in the treatment of status asthmaticus in pediatrics. Am J Emerg Med 2007; 25:6. Javouhey E, Barats A, Richard N, et al. Non-invasive ventilation as primary ventilatory support for infants with severe bronchiolitis. Intensive Care Med 2008; 34:1608. Cambonie G, Milési C, Jaber S, et al. Nasal continuous positive airway pressure decreases respiratory muscles overload in young infants with severe acute viral bronchiolitis. Intensive Care Med 2008; 34:1865. Mayordomo-Colunga J, Medina A, Rey C, et al. Non-invasive ventilation in pediatric status asthmaticus: a prospective observational study. Pediatr Pulmonol 2011; 46:949. 2005 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Part 10.5 Near-fatal asthma. Circulation 2005; 112 (Suppl 24):139. Asthma: a follow up statement from an international paediatric asthma consensus group. Arch Dis Child 1992; 67:240. Qureshi F. Management of children with acute asthma in the emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care 1999; 15:206. Bohn D, Kissoon N. Acute asthma. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2001; 2:151. Maxwell GM. The problem of mucus plugging in children with asthma. J Asthma 1985; 22:131. Sarnaik AP, Daphtary KM, Meert KL, et al. Pressure-controlled ventilation in children with severe status asthmaticus. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2004; 5:133. MacIntyre NR. Respiratory function during pressure support ventilation. Chest 1986; 89:677. Schwarz AJ, Lubinsky PS. Acute severe asthma. In: Essentials of pediatric intensive care, 2nd ed, Levin DL, Morriss FC (Eds), Churchill Livingstone, Inc, New York 1997. p.130. Helfaer MA, Nichols DG, Rogers MC. Lower airway disease: Bronchiolitis and asthma. In: Textbook of pediatric intensive care, Rogers MC, Nichols DG (Eds), Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 1996. p.133.
Schwarz AJ, Lubinsky PS. Acute severe asthma. In: Essentials of pediatric intensive care, 2nd ed, Levin DL, Morriss FC (Eds), Churchill Livingstone, Inc, New York 1997. p.130. Helfaer MA, Nichols DG, Rogers MC. Lower airway disease: Bronchiolitis and asthma. In: Textbook of pediatric intensive care, Rogers MC, Nichols DG (Eds), Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 1996. p.133. Hickling KG, Walsh J, Henderson S, Jackson R. Low mortality rate in adult respiratory distress syndrome using low-volume, pressure-limited ventilation with permissive hypercapnia: a prospective study. Crit Care Med 1994; 22:1568. Cox RG, Barker GA, Bohn DJ. Efficacy, results, and complications of mechanical ventilation in children with status asthmaticus. Pediatr Pulmonol 1991; 11:120. Darioli R, Perret C. Mechanical controlled hypoventilation in status asthmaticus. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984; 129:385. Scoggin CH, Sahn SA, Petty TL. Status asthmaticus. A nine-year experience. JAMA 1977; 238:1158. Picado C, Montserrat JM, Roca J, et al. Mechanical ventilation in severe exacerbation of asthma. Study of 26 cases with six deaths. Eur J Respir Dis 1983; 64:102. Bellomo R, McLaughlin P, Tai E, Parkin G. Asthma requiring mechanical ventilation. A low morbidity approach. Chest 1994; 105:891. Menitove SM, Goldring RM. Combined ventilator and bicarbonate strategy in the management of status asthmaticus. Am J Med 1983; 74:898. Dworkin G, Kattan M. Mechanical ventilation for status asthmaticus in children. J Pediatr 1989; 114:545. DeNicola LK, Monem GF, Gayle MO, Kissoon N. Treatment of critical status asthmaticus in children. Pediatr Clin North Am 1994; 41:1293. National Asthma Education and Prevention Program: Expert panel report III: Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. Bethesda, MD: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2007. (NIH publication no. 08-4051). Full text available at: www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/asthma/asthgdln.htm (Accessed on September 1, 2007). Tuxen DV. Permissive hypercapnic ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150:870. ECC Committee, Subcommittees and Task Forces of the American Heart Association. 2005 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation 2005; 112:IV1. Venkataraman ST. Mechanical ventilation and respiratory care. In: Pediatric critical care, Fuhrman BP, Zimmerman JJ (Eds), Mosby, Philadelphia 2006. p.692.
ECC Committee, Subcommittees and Task Forces of the American Heart Association. 2005 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation 2005; 112:IV1. Venkataraman ST. Mechanical ventilation and respiratory care. In: Pediatric critical care, Fuhrman BP, Zimmerman JJ (Eds), Mosby, Philadelphia 2006. p.692. Marini JJ. Should PEEP be used in airflow obstruction? Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 140:1. Stewart TE, Slutsky AS. Occult, occult auto-PEEP in status asthmaticus. Crit Care Med 1996; 24:379. Blanch L, Bernabé F, Lucangelo U. Measurement of air trapping, intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure, and dynamic hyperinflation in mechanically ventilated patients. Respir Care 2005; 50:110. Papiris S, Kotanidou A, Malagari K, Roussos C. Clinical review: severe asthma. Crit Care 2002; 6:30. Tuxen DV, Williams TJ, Scheinkestel CD, et al. Use of a measurement of pulmonary hyperinflation to control the level of mechanical ventilation in patients with acute severe asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 146:1136. Leatherman J. Life-threatening asthma. Clin Chest Med 1994; 15:453. Stein R, Canny GJ, Bohn DJ, et al. Severe acute asthma in a pediatric intensive care unit: six years' experience. Pediatrics 1989; 83:1023. Shugg AW, Kerr S, Butt WW. Mechanical ventilation of paediatric patients with asthma: short and long term outcome. J Paediatr Child Health 1990; 26:343. Newth CJ, Meert KL, Clark AE, et al. Fatal and near-fatal asthma in children: the critical care perspective. J Pediatr 2012; 161:214. Zimmerman JL, Dellinger RP, Shah AN, Taylor RW. Endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation in severe asthma. Crit Care Med 1993; 21:1727. Pingleton SK. Barotrauma in acute lung injury: is it important? Crit Care Med 1995; 23:223. Maunder RJ, Pierson DJ, Hudson LD. Subcutaneous and mediastinal emphysema. Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. Arch Intern Med 1984; 144:1447. Morris WP, Butler BD, Tonnesen AS, Allen SJ. Continuous venous air embolism in patients receiving positive end-expiratory pressure. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 147:1034. Road J, Mackie G, Jiang TX, et al. Reversible paralysis with status asthmaticus, steroids, and pancuronium: clinical electrophysiological correlates. Muscle Nerve 1997; 20:1587. Lacomis D, Smith TW, Chad DA. Acute myopathy and neuropathy in status asthmaticus: case report and literature review. Muscle Nerve 1993; 16:84.
Morris WP, Butler BD, Tonnesen AS, Allen SJ. Continuous venous air embolism in patients receiving positive end-expiratory pressure. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 147:1034. Road J, Mackie G, Jiang TX, et al. Reversible paralysis with status asthmaticus, steroids, and pancuronium: clinical electrophysiological correlates. Muscle Nerve 1997; 20:1587. Lacomis D, Smith TW, Chad DA. Acute myopathy and neuropathy in status asthmaticus: case report and literature review. Muscle Nerve 1993; 16:84. Douglass JA, Tuxen DV, Horne M, et al. Myopathy in severe asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 146:517. Barohn RJ, Jackson CE, Rogers SJ, et al. Prolonged paralysis due to nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents and corticosteroids. Muscle Nerve 1994; 17:647. Leatherman JW, Fluegel WL, David WS, et al. Muscle weakness in mechanically ventilated patients with severe asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153:1686. Tousignant CP, Bevan DR, Eisen AA, et al. Acute quadriparesis in an asthmatic treated with atracurium. Can J Anaesth 1995; 42:224. Maffei FA, van der Jagt EW, Powers KS, et al. Duration of mechanical ventilation in life-threatening pediatric asthma: description of an acute asphyxial subgroup. Pediatrics 2004; 114:762. Shankar V, Churchwell KB, Deshpande JK. Isoflurane therapy for severe refractory status asthmaticus in children. Intensive Care Med 2006; 32:927. Shapiro MB, Kleaveland AC, Bartlett RH. Extracorporeal life support for status asthmaticus. Chest 1993; 103:1651. King D, Smales C, Arnold AG, Jones OG. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as emergency treatment for life-threatening acute severe asthma. Postgrad Med J 1986; 62:855. Tajimi K, Kasai T, Nakatani T, Kobayashi K. Extracorporeal lung assist for patient with hypercapnia due to status asthmaticus. Intensive Care Med 1988; 14:588. Mabuchi N, Takasu H, Ito S, et al. Successful extracorporeal lung assist (ECLA) for a patient with severe asthma and cardiac arrest. Clin Intensive Care 1991; 2:292. Conrad SA, Green R, Scott LK. Near-fatal pediatric asthma managed with pumpless arteriovenous carbon dioxide removal. Crit Care Med 2007; 35:2624. Krishnan V, Diette GB, Rand CS, et al. Mortality in patients hospitalized for asthma exacerbations in the United States. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 174:633. Topic 5747 Version 7.0
Conrad SA, Green R, Scott LK. Near-fatal pediatric asthma managed with pumpless arteriovenous carbon dioxide removal. Crit Care Med 2007; 35:2624. Krishnan V, Diette GB, Rand CS, et al. Mortality in patients hospitalized for asthma exacerbations in the United States. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 174:633. Topic 5747 Version 7.0 © 2013 UpToDate, Inc. All rights reserved. | Subscription and License Agreement | Release: 21.6- C21.56 Licensed to: AsanBook Dig. Med. Lib. | Support Tag: [0505-91.202.164.29-A3F5C7E4D9-S244013.14]