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referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f21_44_22218

REFERENCES Mannino DM, Homa DM, Akinbami LJ, et al. Surveillance for asthma--United States, 1980-1999. MMWR Surveill Summ 2002; 51:1. Pirie J, Cox P, Johnson D, Schuh S. Changes in treatment and outcomes of children receiving care in the intensive care unit for severe acute asthma. Pediatr Emerg Care 1998; 14:104. Rotta AT. Asthma. In: Pediatric critical care, 3rd ed, Fuhrman BP, Zimmerman JJ (Eds), Mosby, Philadelphia 2006. p.589. Werner HA. Status asthmaticus in children: a review. Chest 2001; 119:1913. Chipps BE, Murphy KR. Assessment and treatment of acute asthma in children. J Pediatr 2005; 147:288. Mountain RD, Sahn SA. Clinical features and outcome in patients with acute asthma presenting with hypercapnia. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988; 138:535. Robertson CF, Rubinfeld AR, Bowes G. Pediatric asthma deaths in Victoria: the mild are at risk. Pediatr Pulmonol 1992; 13:95. Strunk RC, Mrazek DA, Fuhrmann GS, LaBrecque JF. Physiologic and psychological characteristics associated with deaths due to asthma in childhood. A case-controlled study. JAMA 1985; 254:1193. Spitzer WO, Suissa S, Ernst P, et al. The use of beta-agonists and the risk of death and near death from asthma. N Engl J Med 1992; 326:501. Kolbe J, Vamos M, Fergusson W, Elkind G. Determinants of management errors in acute severe asthma. Thorax 1998; 53:14. Ordoñez GA, Phelan PD, Olinsky A, Robertson CF. Preventable factors in hospital admissions for asthma. Arch Dis Child 1998; 78:143. Carr W, Zeitel L, Weiss K. Variations in asthma hospitalizations and deaths in New York City. Am J Public Health 1992; 82:59. Scarfone RJ, Fuchs SM, Nager AL, Shane SA. Controlled trial of oral prednisone in the emergency department treatment of children with acute asthma. Pediatrics 1993; 92:513. Smith SR, Strunk RC. Acute asthma in the pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Clin North Am 1999; 46:1145. Mansel JK, Stogner SW, Petrini MF, Norman JR. Mechanical ventilation in patients with acute severe asthma. Am J Med 1990; 89:42. Dales RE, Munt PW. Use of mechanical ventilation in adults with severe asthma. Can Med Assoc J 1984; 130:391. Roberts JS, Bratton SL, Brogan TV. Acute severe asthma: differences in therapies and outcomes among pediatric intensive care units. Crit Care Med 2002; 30:581. Beakes DE. The use of anticholinergics in asthma. J Asthma 1997; 34:357.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f21_44_22218

Dales RE, Munt PW. Use of mechanical ventilation in adults with severe asthma. Can Med Assoc J 1984; 130:391. Roberts JS, Bratton SL, Brogan TV. Acute severe asthma: differences in therapies and outcomes among pediatric intensive care units. Crit Care Med 2002; 30:581. Beakes DE. The use of anticholinergics in asthma. J Asthma 1997; 34:357. Stephanopoulos DE, Monge R, Schell KH, et al. Continuous intravenous terbutaline for pediatric status asthmaticus. Crit Care Med 1998; 26:1744. Wheeler DS, Jacobs BR, Kenreigh CA, et al. Theophylline versus terbutaline in treating critically ill children with status asthmaticus: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2005; 6:142. Browne GJ, Penna AS, Phung X, Soo M. Randomised trial of intravenous salbutamol in early management of acute severe asthma in children. Lancet 1997; 349:301. Bohn D, Kalloghlian A, Jenkins J, et al. Intravenous salbutamol in the treatment of status asthmaticus in children. Crit Care Med 1984; 12:892. Fortenberry JD, Del Toro J, Jefferson LS, et al. Management of pediatric acute hypoxemic respiratory insufficiency with bilevel positive pressure (BiPAP) nasal mask ventilation. Chest 1995; 108:1059. Padman R, Lawless ST, Kettrick RG. Noninvasive ventilation via bilevel positive airway pressure support in pediatric practice. Crit Care Med 1998; 26:169. Bernet V, Hug MI, Frey B. Predictive factors for the success of noninvasive mask ventilation in infants and children with acute respiratory failure. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2005; 6:660. Essouri S, Chevret L, Durand P, et al. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation: five years of experience in a pediatric intensive care unit. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2006; 7:329. Piastra M, Conti G, Caresta E, et al. Noninvasive ventilation options in pediatric myasthenia gravis. Paediatr Anaesth 2005; 15:699. Sprague K, Graff G, Tobias DJ. Noninvasive ventilation in respiratory failure due to cystic fibrosis. South Med J 2000; 93:954. Carroll CL, Schramm CM. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation for the treatment of status asthmaticus in children. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2006; 96:454. Akingbola OA, Simakajornboon N, Hadley Jr EF, Hopkins RL. Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation in pediatric status asthmaticus. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2002; 3:181.

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Carroll CL, Schramm CM. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation for the treatment of status asthmaticus in children. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2006; 96:454. Akingbola OA, Simakajornboon N, Hadley Jr EF, Hopkins RL. Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation in pediatric status asthmaticus. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2002; 3:181. Thill PJ, McGuire JK, Baden HP, et al. Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation in children with lower airway obstruction. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2004; 5:337. Beers SL, Abramo TJ, Bracken A, Wiebe RA. Bilevel positive airway pressure in the treatment of status asthmaticus in pediatrics. Am J Emerg Med 2007; 25:6. Javouhey E, Barats A, Richard N, et al. Non-invasive ventilation as primary ventilatory support for infants with severe bronchiolitis. Intensive Care Med 2008; 34:1608. Cambonie G, Milési C, Jaber S, et al. Nasal continuous positive airway pressure decreases respiratory muscles overload in young infants with severe acute viral bronchiolitis. Intensive Care Med 2008; 34:1865. Mayordomo-Colunga J, Medina A, Rey C, et al. Non-invasive ventilation in pediatric status asthmaticus: a prospective observational study. Pediatr Pulmonol 2011; 46:949. 2005 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Part 10.5 Near-fatal asthma. Circulation 2005; 112 (Suppl 24):139. Asthma: a follow up statement from an international paediatric asthma consensus group. Arch Dis Child 1992; 67:240. Qureshi F. Management of children with acute asthma in the emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care 1999; 15:206. Bohn D, Kissoon N. Acute asthma. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2001; 2:151. Maxwell GM. The problem of mucus plugging in children with asthma. J Asthma 1985; 22:131. Sarnaik AP, Daphtary KM, Meert KL, et al. Pressure-controlled ventilation in children with severe status asthmaticus. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2004; 5:133. MacIntyre NR. Respiratory function during pressure support ventilation. Chest 1986; 89:677. Schwarz AJ, Lubinsky PS. Acute severe asthma. In: Essentials of pediatric intensive care, 2nd ed, Levin DL, Morriss FC (Eds), Churchill Livingstone, Inc, New York 1997. p.130. Helfaer MA, Nichols DG, Rogers MC. Lower airway disease: Bronchiolitis and asthma. In: Textbook of pediatric intensive care, Rogers MC, Nichols DG (Eds), Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 1996. p.133.

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Schwarz AJ, Lubinsky PS. Acute severe asthma. In: Essentials of pediatric intensive care, 2nd ed, Levin DL, Morriss FC (Eds), Churchill Livingstone, Inc, New York 1997. p.130. Helfaer MA, Nichols DG, Rogers MC. Lower airway disease: Bronchiolitis and asthma. In: Textbook of pediatric intensive care, Rogers MC, Nichols DG (Eds), Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 1996. p.133. Hickling KG, Walsh J, Henderson S, Jackson R. Low mortality rate in adult respiratory distress syndrome using low-volume, pressure-limited ventilation with permissive hypercapnia: a prospective study. Crit Care Med 1994; 22:1568. Cox RG, Barker GA, Bohn DJ. Efficacy, results, and complications of mechanical ventilation in children with status asthmaticus. Pediatr Pulmonol 1991; 11:120. Darioli R, Perret C. Mechanical controlled hypoventilation in status asthmaticus. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984; 129:385. Scoggin CH, Sahn SA, Petty TL. Status asthmaticus. A nine-year experience. JAMA 1977; 238:1158. Picado C, Montserrat JM, Roca J, et al. Mechanical ventilation in severe exacerbation of asthma. Study of 26 cases with six deaths. Eur J Respir Dis 1983; 64:102. Bellomo R, McLaughlin P, Tai E, Parkin G. Asthma requiring mechanical ventilation. A low morbidity approach. Chest 1994; 105:891. Menitove SM, Goldring RM. Combined ventilator and bicarbonate strategy in the management of status asthmaticus. Am J Med 1983; 74:898. Dworkin G, Kattan M. Mechanical ventilation for status asthmaticus in children. J Pediatr 1989; 114:545. DeNicola LK, Monem GF, Gayle MO, Kissoon N. Treatment of critical status asthmaticus in children. Pediatr Clin North Am 1994; 41:1293. National Asthma Education and Prevention Program: Expert panel report III: Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. Bethesda, MD: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2007. (NIH publication no. 08-4051). Full text available at: www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/asthma/asthgdln.htm (Accessed on September 1, 2007). Tuxen DV. Permissive hypercapnic ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150:870. ECC Committee, Subcommittees and Task Forces of the American Heart Association. 2005 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation 2005; 112:IV1. Venkataraman ST. Mechanical ventilation and respiratory care. In: Pediatric critical care, Fuhrman BP, Zimmerman JJ (Eds), Mosby, Philadelphia 2006. p.692.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f21_44_22218

ECC Committee, Subcommittees and Task Forces of the American Heart Association. 2005 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation 2005; 112:IV1. Venkataraman ST. Mechanical ventilation and respiratory care. In: Pediatric critical care, Fuhrman BP, Zimmerman JJ (Eds), Mosby, Philadelphia 2006. p.692. Marini JJ. Should PEEP be used in airflow obstruction? Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 140:1. Stewart TE, Slutsky AS. Occult, occult auto-PEEP in status asthmaticus. Crit Care Med 1996; 24:379. Blanch L, Bernabé F, Lucangelo U. Measurement of air trapping, intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure, and dynamic hyperinflation in mechanically ventilated patients. Respir Care 2005; 50:110. Papiris S, Kotanidou A, Malagari K, Roussos C. Clinical review: severe asthma. Crit Care 2002; 6:30. Tuxen DV, Williams TJ, Scheinkestel CD, et al. Use of a measurement of pulmonary hyperinflation to control the level of mechanical ventilation in patients with acute severe asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 146:1136. Leatherman J. Life-threatening asthma. Clin Chest Med 1994; 15:453. Stein R, Canny GJ, Bohn DJ, et al. Severe acute asthma in a pediatric intensive care unit: six years' experience. Pediatrics 1989; 83:1023. Shugg AW, Kerr S, Butt WW. Mechanical ventilation of paediatric patients with asthma: short and long term outcome. J Paediatr Child Health 1990; 26:343. Newth CJ, Meert KL, Clark AE, et al. Fatal and near-fatal asthma in children: the critical care perspective. J Pediatr 2012; 161:214. Zimmerman JL, Dellinger RP, Shah AN, Taylor RW. Endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation in severe asthma. Crit Care Med 1993; 21:1727. Pingleton SK. Barotrauma in acute lung injury: is it important? Crit Care Med 1995; 23:223. Maunder RJ, Pierson DJ, Hudson LD. Subcutaneous and mediastinal emphysema. Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. Arch Intern Med 1984; 144:1447. Morris WP, Butler BD, Tonnesen AS, Allen SJ. Continuous venous air embolism in patients receiving positive end-expiratory pressure. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 147:1034. Road J, Mackie G, Jiang TX, et al. Reversible paralysis with status asthmaticus, steroids, and pancuronium: clinical electrophysiological correlates. Muscle Nerve 1997; 20:1587. Lacomis D, Smith TW, Chad DA. Acute myopathy and neuropathy in status asthmaticus: case report and literature review. Muscle Nerve 1993; 16:84.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f21_44_22218

Morris WP, Butler BD, Tonnesen AS, Allen SJ. Continuous venous air embolism in patients receiving positive end-expiratory pressure. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 147:1034. Road J, Mackie G, Jiang TX, et al. Reversible paralysis with status asthmaticus, steroids, and pancuronium: clinical electrophysiological correlates. Muscle Nerve 1997; 20:1587. Lacomis D, Smith TW, Chad DA. Acute myopathy and neuropathy in status asthmaticus: case report and literature review. Muscle Nerve 1993; 16:84. Douglass JA, Tuxen DV, Horne M, et al. Myopathy in severe asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 146:517. Barohn RJ, Jackson CE, Rogers SJ, et al. Prolonged paralysis due to nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents and corticosteroids. Muscle Nerve 1994; 17:647. Leatherman JW, Fluegel WL, David WS, et al. Muscle weakness in mechanically ventilated patients with severe asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153:1686. Tousignant CP, Bevan DR, Eisen AA, et al. Acute quadriparesis in an asthmatic treated with atracurium. Can J Anaesth 1995; 42:224. Maffei FA, van der Jagt EW, Powers KS, et al. Duration of mechanical ventilation in life-threatening pediatric asthma: description of an acute asphyxial subgroup. Pediatrics 2004; 114:762. Shankar V, Churchwell KB, Deshpande JK. Isoflurane therapy for severe refractory status asthmaticus in children. Intensive Care Med 2006; 32:927. Shapiro MB, Kleaveland AC, Bartlett RH. Extracorporeal life support for status asthmaticus. Chest 1993; 103:1651. King D, Smales C, Arnold AG, Jones OG. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as emergency treatment for life-threatening acute severe asthma. Postgrad Med J 1986; 62:855. Tajimi K, Kasai T, Nakatani T, Kobayashi K. Extracorporeal lung assist for patient with hypercapnia due to status asthmaticus. Intensive Care Med 1988; 14:588. Mabuchi N, Takasu H, Ito S, et al. Successful extracorporeal lung assist (ECLA) for a patient with severe asthma and cardiac arrest. Clin Intensive Care 1991; 2:292. Conrad SA, Green R, Scott LK. Near-fatal pediatric asthma managed with pumpless arteriovenous carbon dioxide removal. Crit Care Med 2007; 35:2624. Krishnan V, Diette GB, Rand CS, et al. Mortality in patients hospitalized for asthma exacerbations in the United States. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 174:633. Topic 5747 Version 7.0

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f21_44_22218

Conrad SA, Green R, Scott LK. Near-fatal pediatric asthma managed with pumpless arteriovenous carbon dioxide removal. Crit Care Med 2007; 35:2624. Krishnan V, Diette GB, Rand CS, et al. Mortality in patients hospitalized for asthma exacerbations in the United States. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 174:633. Topic 5747 Version 7.0 © 2013 UpToDate, Inc. All rights reserved. | Subscription and License Agreement | Release: 21.6- C21.56 Licensed to: AsanBook Dig. Med. Lib. | Support Tag: [0505-91.202.164.29-A3F5C7E4D9-S244013.14]