Browse the corpus

REFERENCES Chen, R, Young, GB. Metabolic Encephalopathies. In: Bolton, CF, Young, GB, (Eds), Baillere's Clinical Neurology, Balliere Tindall, London 1996. p.577. Milbrandt EB, Deppen S, Harrison PL, et al. Costs associated with delirium in mechanically ventilated patients. Crit Care Med 2004; 32:955. Ely EW, Shintani A, Truman B, et al. Delirium as a predictor of mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit. JAMA 2004; 291:1753. Ely EW, Stephens RK, Jackson JC, et al. Current opinions regarding the importance, diagnosis, and management of delirium in the intensive care unit: a survey of 912 healthcare professionals. Crit Care Med 2004; 32:106. Earnest, MP, Parker, WD. Metabolic encephalopathies and coma from medical causes. In: Grotta, J (Ed), Management of the Acutely Ill Neurological Patient, Churchill Livingstone, New York 1993, p.1. Plum F, Posner JB. The Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, FA Davis Company, Philadelphia 1982. p.177. Young, GB, DeRubeis, DA. Metabolic encephalopathies. In: Young, GB, Ropper, AH, Bolton, CF (Eds), Coma and Impaired Consciousness, McGraw-Hill 1998. p.307. Bolton, CF, Young, GB. Uremic encephalopathy. In: Bolton, CF, Young, GB (Eds), Neurological Complications of Renal Disease, Buttersworth, Stoneham 1990. p.44. Lipton SA, Rosenberg PA. Excitatory amino acids as a final common pathway for neurologic disorders. N Engl J Med 1994; 330:613. Bodner RA, Lynch T, Lewis L, Kahn D. Serotonin syndrome. Neurology 1995; 45:219. Pandharipande PP, Morandi A, Adams JR, et al. Plasma tryptophan and tyrosine levels are independent risk factors for delirium in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med 2009; 35:1886. McGuire BE, Basten CJ, Ryan CJ, Gallagher J. Intensive care unit syndrome: a dangerous misnomer. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160:906. McNicoll L, Pisani MA, Zhang Y, et al. Delirium in the intensive care unit: occurrence and clinical course in older patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003; 51:591. Roche V. Southwestern Internal Medicine Conference. Etiology and management of delirium. Am J Med Sci 2003; 325:20. Bates D. The management of medical coma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993; 56:589. Bolton CF, Young GB, Zochodne DW. The neurological complications of sepsis. Ann Neurol 1993; 33:94. Bleck TP, Smith MC, Pierre-Louis SJ, et al. Neurologic complications of critical medical illnesses. Crit Care Med 1993; 21:98.

Roche V. Southwestern Internal Medicine Conference. Etiology and management of delirium. Am J Med Sci 2003; 325:20. Bates D. The management of medical coma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993; 56:589. Bolton CF, Young GB, Zochodne DW. The neurological complications of sepsis. Ann Neurol 1993; 33:94. Bleck TP, Smith MC, Pierre-Louis SJ, et al. Neurologic complications of critical medical illnesses. Crit Care Med 1993; 21:98. Taylor D, Lewis S. Delirium. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993; 56:742. Eidelman LA, Putterman D, Putterman C, Sprung CL. The spectrum of septic encephalopathy. Definitions, etiologies, and mortalities. JAMA 1996; 275:470. Watson PL, Shintani AK, Tyson R, et al. Presence of electroencephalogram burst suppression in sedated, critically ill patients is associated with increased mortality. Crit Care Med 2008; 36:3171. Oddo M, Carrera E, Claassen J, et al. Continuous electroencephalography in the medical intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2009; 37:2051. Young, GB, DeRubeis, DA. Metabolic encephalopathies. In: Young, GB, Ropper, AH, Bolton, CF, (Eds), Coma and Impaired Consciousness, McGraw-Hill, 1998. p.307. Sprung CL, Peduzzi PN, Shatney CH, et al. Impact of encephalopathy on mortality in the sepsis syndrome. The Veterans Administration Systemic Sepsis Cooperative Study Group. Crit Care Med 1990; 18:801. Papadopoulos MC, Davies DC, Moss RF, et al. Pathophysiology of septic encephalopathy: a review. Crit Care Med 2000; 28:3019. Finelli PF, Uphoff DF. Magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities with septic encephalopathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004; 75:1189. Fraser CL, Arieff AI. Hepatic encephalopathy. N Engl J Med 1985; 313:865. Ede RJ, Williams RW. Hepatic encephalopathy and cerebral edema. Semin Liver Dis 1986; 6:107. Plum, F, Posner, JB. The Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, FA Davis Company, Philadelphia 1982; p.177. Earnest, MP, Parker, WD. Metabolic encephalopathies and coma from medical causes. In: Grotta, J, (Ed), Management of the Acutely Ill Neurological Patient, Churchill Livingstone, New York 1993. p.1. Brenner RP. The electroencephalogram in altered states of consciousness. Neurol Clin 1985; 3:615. Bolton, CF, Young, GB. Uremic encephalopathy. In: Bolton, CF, Young, GB, (Eds), Neurological Complications of Renal Disease, Buttersworth, Stoneham 1990. p.44.

Earnest, MP, Parker, WD. Metabolic encephalopathies and coma from medical causes. In: Grotta, J, (Ed), Management of the Acutely Ill Neurological Patient, Churchill Livingstone, New York 1993. p.1. Brenner RP. The electroencephalogram in altered states of consciousness. Neurol Clin 1985; 3:615. Bolton, CF, Young, GB. Uremic encephalopathy. In: Bolton, CF, Young, GB, (Eds), Neurological Complications of Renal Disease, Buttersworth, Stoneham 1990. p.44. Votey SR, Peters AL, Hoffman JR. Disorders of water metabolism: hyponatremia and hypernatremia. Emerg Med Clin North Am 1989; 7:749. Widjicks, E. Neurologic manifestations of acid base derangements , electrolyte disorders, and endocrine crises. In: Widjicks, E, (Ed), Neurology of Critical Illness, FA Davis Company, Philadelphia p.104. Malouf R, Brust JC. Hypoglycemia: causes, neurological manifestations, and outcome. Ann Neurol 1985; 17:421. Reuler JB, Girard DE, Cooney TG. Current concepts. Wernicke's encephalopathy. N Engl J Med 1985; 312:1035. Dougherty JH Jr, Rawlinson DG, Levy DE, Plum F. Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury and the vegetative state: clinical and neuropathologic correlation. Neurology 1981; 31:991. Levy DE, Caronna JJ, Singer BH, et al. Predicting outcome from hypoxic-ischemic coma. JAMA 1985; 253:1420. Krumholz A, Stern BJ, Weiss HD. Outcome from coma after cardiopulmonary resuscitation: relation to seizures and myoclonus. Neurology 1988; 38:401. Patchell RA. Neurological complications of organ transplantation. Ann Neurol 1994; 36:688. Cohen JA, Raps EC. Critical neurologic illness in the immunocompromised patient. Neurol Clin 1995; 13:659. Levy DE, Bates D, Caronna JJ, et al. Prognosis in nontraumatic coma. Ann Intern Med 1981; 94:293. Jørgensen EO, Malchow-Møller A. Natural history of global and critical brain ischaemia. Part I: EEG and neurological signs during the first year after cardiopulmonary resuscitation in patients subsequently regaining consciousness. Resuscitation 1981; 9:133. Bates D. The prognosis of medical coma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001; 71 Suppl 1:i20. Jackson JC, Hart RP, Gordon SM, et al. Six-month neuropsychological outcome of medical intensive care unit patients. Crit Care Med 2003; 31:1226. Gordon SM, Jackson JC, Ely EW, et al. Clinical identification of cognitive impairment in ICU survivors: insights for intensivists. Intensive Care Med 2004; 30:1997. Topic 1661 Version 5.0

Jackson JC, Hart RP, Gordon SM, et al. Six-month neuropsychological outcome of medical intensive care unit patients. Crit Care Med 2003; 31:1226. Gordon SM, Jackson JC, Ely EW, et al. Clinical identification of cognitive impairment in ICU survivors: insights for intensivists. Intensive Care Med 2004; 30:1997. Topic 1661 Version 5.0 © 2013 UpToDate, Inc. All rights reserved. | Subscription and License Agreement | Release: 21.4 - C21.36 Licensed to: Southeast Alabama Med Ctr | Support Tag: [0602-199.231.185.123-2A680BD67D-S244013.14]