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referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f37_48_38664

REFERENCES Dudney TM, Elliott CG. Pulmonary embolism from amniotic fluid, fat, and air. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1994; 36:447. King MB, Harmon KR. Unusual forms of pulmonary embolism. Clin Chest Med 1994; 15:561. Muth CM, Shank ES. Gas embolism. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:476. Jorens PG, Van Marck E, Snoeckx A, Parizel PM. Nonthrombotic pulmonary embolism. Eur Respir J 2009; 34:452. Schmitt HJ, Hemmerling TM. Venous air emboli occur during release of positive end-expiratory pressure and repositioning after sitting position surgery. Anesth Analg 2002; 94:400. Heckmann JG, Lang CJ, Kindler K, et al. Neurologic manifestations of cerebral air embolism as a complication of central venous catheterization. Crit Care Med 2000; 28:1621. Gale T, Leslie K. Anaesthesia for neurosurgery in the sitting position. J Clin Neurosci 2004; 11:693. Wong AY, Irwin MG. Large venous air embolism in the sitting position despite monitoring with transoesophageal echocardiography. Anaesthesia 2005; 60:811. Raskin JM, Benjamin E, Iberti TJ. Venous air embolism: case report and review. Mt Sinai J Med 1985; 52:367. O'Quin RJ, Lakshminarayan S. Venous air embolism. Arch Intern Med 1982; 142:2173. Hybels RL. Venous air embolism in head and neck surgery. Laryngoscope 1980; 90:946. Faberowski LW, Black S, Mickle JP. Incidence of venous air embolism during craniectomy for craniosynostosis repair. Anesthesiology 2000; 92:20. Tellides G, Ugurlu BS, Kim RW, Hammond GL. Pathogenesis of systemic air embolism during bronchoscopic Nd:YAG laser operations. Ann Thorac Surg 1998; 65:930. Horan TA, Pinheiro PM, Araújo LM, et al. Massive gas embolism during pulmonary nodule hook wire localization. Ann Thorac Surg 2002; 73:1647. Hemmerling TM, Schmidt J, Bosert C, Klein P. Systemic air embolism during wedge resection of the lung. Anesth Analg 2001; 93:1135. Peruto CM, Ciccotti MG, Cohen SB. Shoulder arthroscopy positioning: lateral decubitus versus beach chair. Arthroscopy 2009; 25:891. Andersen KH. Air aspirated from the venous system during total hip replacement. Anaesthesia 1983; 38:1175. Guillard E, Nancy B, Floch H, et al. Intracerebral hemorrhage related to systemic gas embolism during hysteroscopy. Undersea Hyperb Med 2010; 37:89. Sherlock S. Paradoxical gas embolism during hysteroscopy. Br J Anaesth 2008; 101:742; author reply 742.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f37_48_38664

Andersen KH. Air aspirated from the venous system during total hip replacement. Anaesthesia 1983; 38:1175. Guillard E, Nancy B, Floch H, et al. Intracerebral hemorrhage related to systemic gas embolism during hysteroscopy. Undersea Hyperb Med 2010; 37:89. Sherlock S. Paradoxical gas embolism during hysteroscopy. Br J Anaesth 2008; 101:742; author reply 742. Groenman FA, Peters LW, Rademaker BM, Bakkum EA. Embolism of air and gas in hysteroscopic procedures: pathophysiology and implication for daily practice. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2008; 15:241. Grove JJ, Shinaman RC, Drover DR. Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema and venous air embolus as complications of operative hysteroscopy. J Clin Anesth 2004; 16:48. Stoloff DR, Isenberg RA, Brill AI. Venous air and gas emboli in operative hysteroscopy. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 2001; 8:181. Azevedo JL, Azevedo OC, Miyahira SA, et al. Injuries caused by Veress needle insertion for creation of pneumoperitoneum: a systematic literature review. Surg Endosc 2009; 23:1428. Cluver C, Novikova N, Hofmeyr GJ, Hall DR. Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; :CD007623. Schmitz ML, Faulkner SC, Johnson CE, et al. Cardiopulmonary bypass for adults with congenital heart disease: pitfalls for perfusionists. Perfusion 2006; 21:45. Ho AM, Ling E. Systemic air embolism after lung trauma. Anesthesiology 1999; 90:564. Platz E. Tangential gunshot wound to the chest causing venous air embolism: a case report and review. J Emerg Med 2011; 41:e25. Estrera AS, Pass LJ, Platt MR. Systemic arterial air embolism in penetrating lung injury. Ann Thorac Surg 1990; 50:257. Laskey AL, Dyer C, Tobias JD. Venous air embolism during home infusion therapy. Pediatrics 2002; 109:E15. James PM Jr, Myers RT. Central venous pressure monitoring: misinterpretation, abuses, indications and a new technic. Ann Surg 1972; 175:693. Doblar DD, Hinkle JC, Fay ML, Condon BF. Air embolism associated with pulmonary artery catheter introducer kit. Anesthesiology 1982; 56:307. Orebaugh SL. Venous air embolism: clinical and experimental considerations. Crit Care Med 1992; 20:1169. Yu AS, Levy E. Paradoxical cerebral air embolism from a hemodialysis catheter. Am J Kidney Dis 1997; 29:453.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f37_48_38664

Doblar DD, Hinkle JC, Fay ML, Condon BF. Air embolism associated with pulmonary artery catheter introducer kit. Anesthesiology 1982; 56:307. Orebaugh SL. Venous air embolism: clinical and experimental considerations. Crit Care Med 1992; 20:1169. Yu AS, Levy E. Paradoxical cerebral air embolism from a hemodialysis catheter. Am J Kidney Dis 1997; 29:453. Jastremski MS, Chelluri L. Air embolism and cardiac arrest in a patient with a pulmonary artery catheter: a possible association. Resuscitation 1986; 14:113. Chang C, Dughi J, Shitabata P, et al. Air embolism and the radial arterial line. Crit Care Med 1988; 16:141. Lowenstein E, Little JW 3rd, Lo HH. Prevention of cerebral embolization from flushing radial-artery cannulas. N Engl J Med 1971; 285:1414. Leclercq F, Kassnasrallah S, Cesari JB, et al. Transcranial Doppler detection of cerebral microemboli during left heart catheterization. Cerebrovasc Dis 2001; 12:59. Bongiorni MG, Di Cori A, Soldati E, et al. [Iatrogenic risk of permanent pacemaker and defibrillator implantation]. G Ital Cardiol (Rome) 2009; 10:395. Hinkle DA, Raizen DM, McGarvey ML, Liu GT. Cerebral air embolism complicating cardiac ablation procedures. Neurology 2001; 56:792. Woodring JH, Fried AM. Nonfatal venous air embolism after contrast-enhanced CT. Radiology 1988; 167:405. Price DB, Nardi P, Teitcher J. Venous air embolization as a complication of pressure injection of contrast media: CT findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1987; 11:294. Roberts S, Johnson M, Davies S. Near-fatal air embolism: fibrin sheath as the portal of air entry. South Med J 2003; 96:1036. Kashuk JL, Penn I. Air embolism after central venous catheterization. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1984; 159:249. Morris WP, Butler BD, Tonnesen AS, Allen SJ. Continuous venous air embolism in patients receiving positive end-expiratory pressure. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 147:1034. Kane G, Hewins B, Grannis FW Jr. Massive air embolism in an adult following positive pressure ventilation. Chest 1988; 93:874. Marini JJ, Culver BH. Systemic gas embolism complicating mechanical ventilation in the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1989; 110:699. Ulyatt DB, Judson JA, Trubuhovich RV, Galler LH. Cerebral arterial air embolism associated with coughing on a continuous positive airway pressure circuit. Crit Care Med 1991; 19:985.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f37_48_38664

Marini JJ, Culver BH. Systemic gas embolism complicating mechanical ventilation in the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1989; 110:699. Ulyatt DB, Judson JA, Trubuhovich RV, Galler LH. Cerebral arterial air embolism associated with coughing on a continuous positive airway pressure circuit. Crit Care Med 1991; 19:985. Leitch DR, Green RD. Pulmonary barotrauma in divers and the treatment of cerebral arterial gas embolism. Aviat Space Environ Med 1986; 57:931. Melamed Y, Shupak A, Bitterman H. Medical problems associated with underwater diving. N Engl J Med 1992; 326:30. Wilmshurst P. Diving and oxygen. BMJ 1998; 317:996. Schwerzmann M, Seiler C, Lipp E, et al. Relation between directly detected patent foramen ovale and ischemic brain lesions in sport divers. Ann Intern Med 2001; 134:21. Pronovost PJ, Wu AW, Sexton JB. Acute decompensation after removing a central line: practical approaches to increasing safety in the intensive care unit. Ann Intern Med 2004; 140:1025. Ordway CB. Air embolus via CVP catheter without positive pressure: presentation of case and review. Ann Surg 1974; 179:479. Dutka AJ, Kochanek PM, Hallenbeck JM. Influence of granulocytopenia on canine cerebral ischemia induced by air embolism. Stroke 1989; 20:390. Warren BA, Philp RB, Inwood MJ. The ultrastructural morphology of air embolism: platelet adhesion to the interface and endothelial damage. Br J Exp Pathol 1973; 54:163. Hartveit F, Lystad H, Minken A. The pathology of venous air embolism. Br J Exp Pathol 1968; 49:81. Oyama Y, Spencer MP. Cardiopulmonary effects of intravenous gas embolism; with special reference to fate of intravascular gas bubbles. Jpn Circ J 1971; 35:1541. Adornato DC, Gildenberg PL, Ferrario CM, et al. Pathophysiology of intravenous air embolism in dogs. Anesthesiology 1978; 49:120. Lam KK, Hutchinson RC, Gin T. Severe pulmonary oedema after venous air embolism. Can J Anaesth 1993; 40:964. Clark MC, Flick MR. Permeability pulmonary edema caused by venous air embolism. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984; 129:633. Kizer KW, Goodman PC. Radiographic manifestations of venous air embolism. Radiology 1982; 144:35. Smith RM, Neuman TS. Elevation of serum creatine kinase in divers with arterial gas embolization. N Engl J Med 1994; 330:19. Marcus RH, Weinert L, Neumann A, et al. Venous air embolism. Diagnosis by spontaneous right-sided contrast echocardiography. Chest 1991; 99:784.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f37_48_38664

Kizer KW, Goodman PC. Radiographic manifestations of venous air embolism. Radiology 1982; 144:35. Smith RM, Neuman TS. Elevation of serum creatine kinase in divers with arterial gas embolization. N Engl J Med 1994; 330:19. Marcus RH, Weinert L, Neumann A, et al. Venous air embolism. Diagnosis by spontaneous right-sided contrast echocardiography. Chest 1991; 99:784. Gottdiener JS, Papademetriou V, Notargiacomo A, et al. Incidence and cardiac effects of systemic venous air embolism. Echocardiographic evidence of arterial embolization via noncardiac shunt. Arch Intern Med 1988; 148:795. Bedford RF, Marshall WK, Butler A, Welsh JE. Cardiac catheters for diagnosis and treatment of venous air embolism: a prospective study in man. J Neurosurg 1981; 55:610. Markus H. Transcranial Doppler detection of circulating cerebral emboli. A review. Stroke 1993; 24:1246. Sedlow DB, Irving SM. Monitoring and patient safety. In: Monitoring in Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Blitt CD (Ed), Churchill Livingstone, New York 1990. Sessler CN, Kiser PE, Raval V. Transient pulmonary perfusion scintigraphic abnormalities in pulmonary air embolism. Chest 1989; 95:910. Groell R, Schaffler GJ, Rienmueller R, Kern R. Vascular air embolism: location, frequency, and cause on electron-beam CT studies of the chest. Radiology 1997; 202:459. Valentino R, Hilbert G, Vargas F, Gruson D. Computed tomographic scan of massive cerebral air embolism. Lancet 2003; 361:1848. Alvaran SB, Toung JK, Graff TE, Benson DW. Venous air embolism: comparative merits of external cardiac massage, intracardiac aspiration, and left lateral decubitus position. Anesth Analg 1978; 57:166. Moon RE, de Lisle Dear G, Stolp BW. Treatment of decompression illness and latrogenic gas embolism. Respir Care Clin N Am 1999; 5:93. ERICSSON JA, GOTTLIEB JD, SWEET RB. CLOSED-CHEST CARDIAC MASSAGE IN THE TREATMENT OF VENOUS AIR EMBOLISM. N Engl J Med 1964; 270:1353. Dexter F, Hindman BJ. Computer simulation of microscopic cerebral air emboli absorption during cardiac surgery. Undersea Hyperb Med 1998; 25:43. Munson ES. Effect of nitrous oxide on the pulmonary circulation during venous air embolism. Anesth Analg 1971; 50:785. Leach RM, Rees PJ, Wilmshurst P. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy. BMJ 1998; 317:1140.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f37_48_38664

Dexter F, Hindman BJ. Computer simulation of microscopic cerebral air emboli absorption during cardiac surgery. Undersea Hyperb Med 1998; 25:43. Munson ES. Effect of nitrous oxide on the pulmonary circulation during venous air embolism. Anesth Analg 1971; 50:785. Leach RM, Rees PJ, Wilmshurst P. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy. BMJ 1998; 317:1140. Closon M, Vivier E, Breynaert C, et al. Air embolism during an aircraft flight in a passenger with a pulmonary cyst: a favorable outcome with hyperbaric therapy. Anesthesiology 2004; 101:539. The 7th European Consensus Conference on Hyperbaric Medicine, Lille, France file://www.echm.org/ECHM-Conferences.htm (Accessed on August 03, 2010). Blanc P, Boussuges A, Henriette K, et al. Iatrogenic cerebral air embolism: importance of an early hyperbaric oxygenation. Intensive Care Med 2002; 28:559. Armon C, Deschamps C, Adkinson C, et al. Hyperbaric treatment of cerebral air embolism sustained during an open-heart surgical procedure. Mayo Clin Proc 1991; 66:565. Murphy BP, Harford FJ, Cramer FS. Cerebral air embolism resulting from invasive medical procedures. Treatment with hyperbaric oxygen. Ann Surg 1985; 201:242. Bessereau J, Genotelle N, Chabbaut C, et al. Long-term outcome of iatrogenic gas embolism. Intensive Care Med 2010; 36:1180. Topic 8263 Version 9.0 © 2013 UpToDate, Inc. All rights reserved. | Subscription and License Agreement | Release: 21.4 - C21.36 Licensed to: Southeast Alabama Med Ctr | Support Tag: [1103-61.234.146.186-239B17CE44-S244013.14]