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Death Giuly et al, 2005 60/F Bile duct stenosis Myeloma multiple Biliary stent Venous air embolism Hypoxemia and shock Echocardiography Recovered Siddiqui et al, 2005 43/F Recent liver biopsy Ampulloma of Vater's papilla ES Brushing and biopsy Venous air embolism Cardiorespiratory arrest Radiographs during ERCP (post mortem review) Autopsy

Death Mohammedi et al, 2005 27/M Hepatic trauma Biliary fistula ES Venous air embolism Hypoxemia and shock Cardiac auscultation Recovered Stabile et al, 2006 65/M Previous PTBD and ES Biliary colic and icterus Cholangiography Venous and arterial air embolism Cerebral ischemia Abdominal and cerebral CT Autopsy

Death Rabe et al, 2006 87/M Benign biliary stricture Patent foramen ovale Disobstruction of metal biliary stent Venous and arterial air embolism Unconsciousness and hemiparesis Cerebral CT Hemiparesis Rabe et al, 2006 54/M Portal vein cavernoma Patent foramen ovale Balloon revision of obstructed metallic biliary stent Brisk bleeding Venous air embolism Cardiorespiratory arrest Echocardiography Autopsy

Death Tan et al, 2008 82/F Ampulloma of Vater's papilla Metallic biliary stent Venous and arterial air embolism Cardiorespiratory arrest Cerebral ischemia Body scan (thoraco-abdominal and cerebral CT)

Death Bisceglia et al, 2009 78/M Bile duct stone Cholangitis and liver abscesses Biliary-duodenal fistula Stone extraction Veno-biliary fistula Venous and arterial air embolism Cardiorespiratory arrest Thoraco-abdominal and cerebral CT Autopsy findings

Death Romberg, 2009 53/M Bile duct stone Mechanical lithotripsy Moderate bleeding Porto-biliary fistula Venous and arterial air embolism Hypoxemia, shock, and unconsciousness Transesophageal echocardiography Recovered Rangappa et al, 2009 50/F Bile duct stone Cholecystectomy Widening of sphincterotomy Stone extraction Venous and arterial air embolism Cerebral CT Autopsy

Death Going et al, 2010 72/F Cholangiocarcinoma Cholangioscopy ERCP Venous air embolism Cardiorespiratory arrest Cerebral ischemia Abdominal x-ray Transesophageal echocardiography Cerebral MRI Recovered Arguelles Garcia et al, 2010 82/M Previous ES Cholangitis Bile duct stones Balloon dilatation Stone extraction Venous and arterial air embolism Hypoxemia, shock and hemiparesis Cerebral ischemia Cerebral CT

Death Van Boxel et al, 2010 82/M Bile duct stones Bile duct stent Removal of bile duct stent Venous and arterial air embolism Myocardial and cerebral ischemia Electrocardiogram Cerebral CT Recovered Finsterer et al, 2010 59/F Choledochojejunostomy Recurrent cholangitis and liver abscesses Removal of bile duct stent Venous and arterial air embolism Hypoxemia and shock Thoraco-abdominal and cerebral CT

Death Di Pisa et al, 2011 8/M Portal cavernoma Post-sphincterotomy bleeding Removal of covered metal stent Moderate bleeding Venous air embolism Cardiorespiratory arrest Transesophageal echocardiography Recovered Jow et al, 2011 65/M Chronic pancreatitis Pancreatic pseudocyst Pancreatic sphincterotomy Pancreatic stent EUS-guided cyst-gastrostomy Venous air embolism Cardiorespiratory arrest Radiographs postmortem Autopsy

Death Bechi et al, 2011 79/F Bile duct stones ES Venous air embolism Echocardiography Recovered Maccarone et al, 2011 45/M Bile duct stones Rendezvous technique Venous and arterial air embolism Shock and cerebral ischemia Transesophageal echocardiography Brain MRI Near complete recovery Nern et al, 2012 58/F Suspected Klatskin tumor Echinococcus of the liver Patent foramen ovale Liver biopsy Biliary stent Venous and arterial air embolism Cerebral infarctions Body scan (thoraco-abdominal and cerebral CT) Autopsy