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referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f2_22_2409

REFERENCES APA. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - 4th edition Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR). American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, 2000. Morse RM, Flavin DK. The definition of alcoholism. The Joint Committee of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism. JAMA 1992; 268:1012. Hasin DS, Stinson FS, Ogburn E, Grant BF. Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007; 64:830. Zhang Y, Guo X, Saitz R, et al. Secular trends in alcohol consumption over 50 years: the Framingham Study. Am J Med 2008; 121:695. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2009). Results from the 2008 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings (Office of Applied Studies, Substance NSDUH Series H-36, HHS Publication No. SMA 09-4434). Rockville, MD. Jacobson IG, Ryan MA, Hooper TI, et al. Alcohol use and alcohol-related problems before and after military combat deployment. JAMA 2008; 300:663. Gilbertson R, Ceballos NA, Prather R, Nixon SJ. Effects of acute alcohol consumption in older and younger adults: perceived impairment versus psychomotor performance. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2009; 70:242. Lloyd DA, Turner RJ. Cumulative lifetime adversities and alcohol dependence in adolescence and young adulthood. Drug Alcohol Depend 2008; 93:217. Barnes AJ, Moore AA, Xu H, et al. Prevalence and correlates of at-risk drinking among older adults: the project SHARE study. J Gen Intern Med 2010; 25:840. Johnston, LD, O'Malley, PM, Bachman, JG, and Schulenberg, JE. Monitoring the Future national results on adolescent drug use: Overview of key findings, 2008 (NIH Publication No. 09-7401). Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse. Dodd LJ, Al-Nakeeb Y, Nevill A, Forshaw MJ. Lifestyle risk factors of students: a cluster analytical approach. Prev Med 2010; 51:73. National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence. Alcoholism and alcohol-related problems: a sobering look. NCADD Fact Sheet. Available online: ncadd.org/pubs/fsproblems.html. Hingson R, Heeren T, Zakocs R. Age of drinking onset and involvement in physical fights after drinking. Pediatrics 2001; 108:872.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f2_22_2409

Dodd LJ, Al-Nakeeb Y, Nevill A, Forshaw MJ. Lifestyle risk factors of students: a cluster analytical approach. Prev Med 2010; 51:73. National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence. Alcoholism and alcohol-related problems: a sobering look. NCADD Fact Sheet. Available online: ncadd.org/pubs/fsproblems.html. Hingson R, Heeren T, Zakocs R. Age of drinking onset and involvement in physical fights after drinking. Pediatrics 2001; 108:872. Slawecki CJ, Betancourt M, Cole M, Ehlers CL. Periadolescent alcohol exposure has lasting effects on adult neurophysiological function in rats. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 2001; 128:63. Brienza RS, Stein MD. Alcohol use disorders in primary care: do gender-specific differences exist? J Gen Intern Med 2002; 17:387. Alcohol-related disease impact. Atlanta, GA: CDC, US Department of Health and Human Services; 2008. Available at file://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/ardi.htm. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Traffic Safety Facts 2000: Alcohol. www.nhtsa.dot.gov (Accessed 3/7/05). Chen LH, Baker SP, Li G. Drinking history and risk of fatal injury: comparison among specific injury causes. Accid Anal Prev 2005; 37:245. Gentilello LM, Donovan DM, Dunn CW, Rivara FP. Alcohol interventions in trauma centers. Current practice and future directions. JAMA 1995; 274:1043. Yaldizli O, Kuhl HC, Graf M, et al. Risk factors for suicide attempts in patients with alcohol dependence or abuse and a history of depressive symptoms: a subgroup analysis from the WHO/ISBRA study. Drug Alcohol Rev 2010; 29:64. Ohberg A, Vuori E, Ojanperä I, Lonngvist J. Alcohol and drugs in suicides. Br J Psychiatry 1996; 169:75. Hingson R, Heeren T, Winter M, Wechsler H. Magnitude of alcohol-related mortality and morbidity among U.S. college students ages 18-24: changes from 1998 to 2001. Annu Rev Public Health 2005; 26:259. Zaridze D, Brennan P, Boreham J, et al. Alcohol and cause-specific mortality in Russia: a retrospective case-control study of 48,557 adult deaths. Lancet 2009; 373:2201. Thun MJ, Peto R, Lopez AD, et al. Alcohol consumption and mortality among middle-aged and elderly U.S. adults. N Engl J Med 1997; 337:1705.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f2_22_2409

Hingson R, Heeren T, Winter M, Wechsler H. Magnitude of alcohol-related mortality and morbidity among U.S. college students ages 18-24: changes from 1998 to 2001. Annu Rev Public Health 2005; 26:259. Zaridze D, Brennan P, Boreham J, et al. Alcohol and cause-specific mortality in Russia: a retrospective case-control study of 48,557 adult deaths. Lancet 2009; 373:2201. Thun MJ, Peto R, Lopez AD, et al. Alcohol consumption and mortality among middle-aged and elderly U.S. adults. N Engl J Med 1997; 337:1705. Moss, H. B.; Chen, C. M.; Yi, H. Y. Prospective Follow-Up of Empirically Derived Alcohol Dependence Subtypes in Wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC): Recovery Status, Alcohol Use Disorders and Diagnostic Criteria, Alcohol Consumption Behavior, Health Status, and Treatment Seeking. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2010; [Epub ahead of print]. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). Healthy People 2010 Conference Edition. DHHS, 2000 Jan. Harwood, HJ. Updating estimates of the economic costs of alcohol abuse in the United States: estimates, update methods and data. report prepared by The Lewin Group for the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2000. Thavorncharoensap M, Teerawattananon Y, Yothasamut J, et al. The economic impact of alcohol consumption: a systematic review. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2009; 4:20. Dunlap LJ, Zarkin GA, Bray JW, et al. Revisiting the cost-effectiveness of the COMBINE study for alcohol dependent patients: the patient perspective. Med Care 2010; 48:306. NIAAA: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (2008). The Terminology of Addiction. Alcohol Alert No. 76:3. Spanagel R. Alcoholism: a systems approach from molecular physiology to addictive behavior. Physiol Rev 2009; 89:649. Gass JT, Olive MF. Glutamatergic substrates of drug addiction and alcoholism. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 75:218. Besheer J, Grondin JJ, Cannady R, et al. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 activity in the nucleus accumbens is required for the maintenance of ethanol self-administration in a rat genetic model of high alcohol intake. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 67:812. Roberto M, Cruz MT, Gilpin NW, et al. Corticotropin releasing factor-induced amygdala gamma-aminobutyric Acid release plays a key role in alcohol dependence. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 67:831.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f2_22_2409

Besheer J, Grondin JJ, Cannady R, et al. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 activity in the nucleus accumbens is required for the maintenance of ethanol self-administration in a rat genetic model of high alcohol intake. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 67:812. Roberto M, Cruz MT, Gilpin NW, et al. Corticotropin releasing factor-induced amygdala gamma-aminobutyric Acid release plays a key role in alcohol dependence. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 67:831. Lowery EG, Thiele TE. Pre-clinical evidence that corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptor antagonists are promising targets for pharmacological treatment of alcoholism. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2010; 9:77. Hu J, Henry S, Gallezot JD, et al. Serotonin 1B receptor imaging in alcohol dependence. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 67:800. Heilig M, Egli M, Crabbe JC, Becker HC. Acute withdrawal, protracted abstinence and negative affect in alcoholism: are they linked? Addict Biol 2010; 15:169. Prescott CA, Kendler KS. Genetic and environmental contributions to alcohol abuse and dependence in a population-based sample of male twins. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156:34. Goodwin DW, Schulsinger F, Hermansen L, et al. Alcohol problems in adoptees raised apart from alcoholic biological parents. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1973; 28:238. Schuckit MA. Biological, psychological and environmental predictors of the alcoholism risk: a longitudinal study. J Stud Alcohol 1998; 59:485. Schuckit MA, Mazzanti C, Smith TL, et al. Selective genotyping for the role of 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, and GABA alpha 6 receptors and the serotonin transporter in the level of response to alcohol: a pilot study. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 45:647. Lichtermann D, Hranilovi�� D, Trixler M, et al. Support for allelic association of a polymorphic site in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene with risk for alcohol dependence. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157:2045. Edenberg HJ, Xuei X, Chen HJ, et al. Association of alcohol dehydrogenase genes with alcohol dependence: a comprehensive analysis. Hum Mol Genet 2006; 15:1539. Murayama M, Matsushita S, Muramatsu T, Higuchi S. Clinical characteristics and disease course of alcoholics with inactive aldehyde dehydrogenase-2. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1998; 22:524. Schuckit MA. Genetics and the risk for alcoholism. JAMA 1985; 254:2614. Schmidt LG, Harms H, Kuhn S, et al. Modification of alcohol withdrawal by the A9 allele of the dopamine transporter gene. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155:474.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f2_22_2409

Murayama M, Matsushita S, Muramatsu T, Higuchi S. Clinical characteristics and disease course of alcoholics with inactive aldehyde dehydrogenase-2. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1998; 22:524. Schuckit MA. Genetics and the risk for alcoholism. JAMA 1985; 254:2614. Schmidt LG, Harms H, Kuhn S, et al. Modification of alcohol withdrawal by the A9 allele of the dopamine transporter gene. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155:474. Leshner AI. Addiction is a brain disease, and it matters. Science 1997; 278:45. Moonat S, Starkman BG, Sakharkar A, Pandey SC. Neuroscience of alcoholism: molecular and cellular mechanisms. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:73. Tagawa M, Kano M, Okamura N, et al. Relationship between effects of alcohol on psychomotor performances and blood alcohol concentrations. Jpn J Pharmacol 2000; 83:253. Saitz R. Clinical practice. Unhealthy alcohol use. N Engl J Med 2005; 352:596. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening and behavioral counseling interventions in primary care to reduce alcohol misuse: recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med 2004; 140:554. O'Connor PG, Schottenfeld RS. Patients with alcohol problems. N Engl J Med 1998; 338:592. Savage D, Lindenbaum J. Anemia in alcoholics. Medicine (Baltimore) 1986; 65:322. Girard DE, Kumar KL, McAfee JH. Hematologic effects of acute and chronic alcohol abuse. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1987; 1:321. Woodson LC, Dunnette JH, Weinshilboum RM. Pharmacogenetics of human thiopurine methyltransferase: kidney-erythrocyte correlation and immunotitration studies. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1982; 222:174. Hoffbrand V, Provan D. ABC of clinical haematology. Macrocytic anaemias. BMJ 1997; 314:430. Bell H, Tallaksen CM, Try K, Haug E. Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin and other markers of high alcohol consumption: a study of 502 patients admitted consecutively to a medical department. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1994; 18:1103. Yersin B, Nicolet JF, Dercrey H, et al. Screening for excessive alcohol drinking. Comparative value of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, gamma-glutamyltransferase, and mean corpuscular volume. Arch Intern Med 1995; 155:1907.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f2_22_2409

Bell H, Tallaksen CM, Try K, Haug E. Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin and other markers of high alcohol consumption: a study of 502 patients admitted consecutively to a medical department. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1994; 18:1103. Yersin B, Nicolet JF, Dercrey H, et al. Screening for excessive alcohol drinking. Comparative value of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, gamma-glutamyltransferase, and mean corpuscular volume. Arch Intern Med 1995; 155:1907. Hock B, Schwarz M, Domke I, et al. Validity of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (%CDT), gamma-glutamyltransferase (gamma-GT) and mean corpuscular erythrocyte volume (MCV) as biomarkers for chronic alcohol abuse: a study in patients with alcohol dependence and liver disorders of non-alcoholic and alcoholic origin. Addiction 2005; 100:1477. Sorvajärvi K, Blake JE, Israel Y, Niemelä O. Sensitivity and specificity of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin as a marker of alcohol abuse are significantly influenced by alterations in serum transferrin: comparison of two methods. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1996; 20:449. Schmitt UM, Stieber P, Jüngst D, et al. Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin is not a useful marker for the detection of chronic alcohol abuse. Eur J Clin Invest 1998; 28:615. De Feo TM, Fargion S, Duca L, et al. Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, a sensitive marker of chronic alcohol abuse, is highly influenced by body iron. Hepatology 1999; 29:658. Topic 7809 Version 11.0 © 2013 UpToDate, Inc. All rights reserved. | Subscription and License Agreement | Release: 21.6- C21.56 Licensed to: AsanBook Dig. Med. Lib. | Support Tag: [1005-83.177.194.223-4E972C53F8-S244013.14]