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referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f35_32_36361

REFERENCES Boudoulas H, Schaal SF, Lewis RP, Robinson JL. Superiority of 24-hour outpatient monitoring over multi-stage exercise testing for the evaluation of syncope. J Electrocardiol 1979; 12:103. Poblete PF, Kennedy HL, Caralis DG. Detection of ventricular ectopy in patients with coronary heart disease and normal subjects by exercise testing and ambulatory electrocardiography. Chest 1978; 74:402. Crawford MH, Bernstein SJ, Deedwania PC, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for ambulatory electrocardiography: executive summary and recommendations. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines (committee to revise the guidelines for ambulatory electrocardiography). Circulation 1999; 100:886. Bayés de Luna A, Coumel P, Leclercq JF. Ambulatory sudden cardiac death: mechanisms of production of fatal arrhythmia on the basis of data from 157 cases. Am Heart J 1989; 117:151. Preliminary report: effect of encainide and flecainide on mortality in a randomized trial of arrhythmia suppression after myocardial infarction. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST) Investigators. N Engl J Med 1989; 321:406. Effect of the antiarrhythmic agent moricizine on survival after myocardial infarction. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial II Investigators. N Engl J Med 1992; 327:227. The ESVEM trial. Electrophysiologic Study Versus Electrocardiographic Monitoring for selection of antiarrhythmic therapy of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. The ESVEM Investigators. Circulation 1989; 79:1354. Mason JW. A comparison of electrophysiologic testing with Holter monitoring to predict antiarrhythmic-drug efficacy for ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Electrophysiologic Study versus Electrocardiographic Monitoring Investigators. N Engl J Med 1993; 329:445. Graboys TB, Lown B, Podrid PJ, DeSilva R. Long-term survival of patients with malignant ventricular arrhythmia treated with antiarrhythmic drugs. Am J Cardiol 1982; 50:437. Kennedy HL, Bavishi NS, Buckingham TA. Ambulatory (Holter) electrocardiography signal-averaging: a current perspective. Am Heart J 1992; 124:1339. De Maso J, Myers S, Nels D, Sellers C. Ambulatory high-resolution ECG recorder using disk storage. J Ambul Monit 1992; 5:317.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f35_32_36361

Graboys TB, Lown B, Podrid PJ, DeSilva R. Long-term survival of patients with malignant ventricular arrhythmia treated with antiarrhythmic drugs. Am J Cardiol 1982; 50:437. Kennedy HL, Bavishi NS, Buckingham TA. Ambulatory (Holter) electrocardiography signal-averaging: a current perspective. Am Heart J 1992; 124:1339. De Maso J, Myers S, Nels D, Sellers C. Ambulatory high-resolution ECG recorder using disk storage. J Ambul Monit 1992; 5:317. Barry J, Campbell S, Nabel EG, et al. Ambulatory monitoring of the digitized electrocardiogram for detection and early warning of transient myocardial ischemia in angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 1987; 60:483. Hasin Y, Freiman I, Gotsman MS. Two-channel ECG monitoring in the coronary care unit. Clin Cardiol 1984; 7:102. Antman EM, Ludmer PL, McGowan N, et al. Transtelephonic electrocardiographic transmission for management of cardiac arrhythmias. Am J Cardiol 1986; 58:1021. Chadda KD, Harrington D, Kushnik H, Bodenheimer MM. The impact of transtelephonic documentation of arrhythmia on morbidity and mortality rate in sudden death survivors. Am Heart J 1986; 112:1159. Zimetbaum PJ, Josephson ME. The evolving role of ambulatory arrhythmia monitoring in general clinical practice. Ann Intern Med 1999; 130:848. Pratt CM, Slymen DJ, Wierman AM, et al. Asymptomatic telephone ECG transmissions as an outpatient surveillance system of ventricular arrhythmias: relationship to quantitative ambulatory ECG recordings. Am Heart J 1987; 113:1. Brown AP, Dawkins KD, Davies JG. Detection of arrhythmias: use of a patient-activated ambulatory electrocardiogram device with a solid-state memory loop. Br Heart J 1987; 58:251. Linzer M, Pritchett EL, Pontinen M, et al. Incremental diagnostic yield of loop electrocardiographic recorders in unexplained syncope. Am J Cardiol 1990; 66:214. Linzer M, Prystowsky EN, Brunetti LL, et al. Recurrent syncope of unknown origin diagnosed by ambulatory continuous loop ECG recording. Am Heart J 1988; 116:1632. Zimetbaum PJ, Kim KY, Josephson ME, et al. Diagnostic yield and optimal duration of continuous-loop event monitoring for the diagnosis of palpitations. A cost-effectiveness analysis. Ann Intern Med 1998; 128:890. Joshi AK, Kowey PR, Prystowsky EN, et al. First experience with a Mobile Cardiac Outpatient Telemetry (MCOT) system for the diagnosis and management of cardiac arrhythmia. Am J Cardiol 2005; 95:878.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f35_32_36361

Zimetbaum PJ, Kim KY, Josephson ME, et al. Diagnostic yield and optimal duration of continuous-loop event monitoring for the diagnosis of palpitations. A cost-effectiveness analysis. Ann Intern Med 1998; 128:890. Joshi AK, Kowey PR, Prystowsky EN, et al. First experience with a Mobile Cardiac Outpatient Telemetry (MCOT) system for the diagnosis and management of cardiac arrhythmia. Am J Cardiol 2005; 95:878. Olson JA, Fouts AM, Padanilam BJ, Prystowsky EN. Utility of mobile cardiac outpatient telemetry for the diagnosis of palpitations, presyncope, syncope, and the assessment of therapy efficacy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2007; 18:473. Krahn AD, Klein GJ, Skanes AC, Yee R. Insertable loop recorder use for detection of intermittent arrhythmias. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2004; 27:657. Giada F, Gulizia M, Francese M, et al. Recurrent unexplained palpitations (RUP) study comparison of implantable loop recorder versus conventional diagnostic strategy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 49:1951. Zeldis SM, Levine BJ, Michelson EL, Morganroth J. Cardiovascular complaints. Correlation with cardiac arrhythmias on 24-hour electrocardiographic monitoring. Chest 1980; 78:456. Gibson TC, Heitzman MR. Diagnostic efficacy of 24-hour electrocardiographic monitoring for syncope. Am J Cardiol 1984; 53:1013. Bass EB, Curtiss EI, Arena VC, et al. The duration of Holter monitoring in patients with syncope. Is 24 hours enough? Arch Intern Med 1990; 150:1073. Surawicz B, Pinto RP. Symptoms in hospital patients and outpatients with ventricular arrhythmias during ambulatory ECG monitoring. J Ambul Monit 1991; 4:83. Nwasokwa ON, Wenger NK. Diagnostic value of ambulatory electrocardiography: Dependence on presenting symptom, age and sex. Am J Noninvasive Cardiol 1988; 2:140. Boudoulas H, Geleris P, Schaal SF, et al. Comparison between electrophysiologic studies and ambulatory monitoring in patients with syncope. J Electrocardiol 1983; 16:91. Lipski J, Cohen L, Espinoza J, et al. Value of Holter monitoring in assessing cardiac arrhythmias in symptomatic patients. Am J Cardiol 1976; 37:102. Kapoor WN, Cha R, Peterson JR, et al. Prolonged electrocardiographic monitoring in patients with syncope. Importance of frequent or repetitive ventricular ectopy. Am J Med 1987; 82:20.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f35_32_36361

Lipski J, Cohen L, Espinoza J, et al. Value of Holter monitoring in assessing cardiac arrhythmias in symptomatic patients. Am J Cardiol 1976; 37:102. Kapoor WN, Cha R, Peterson JR, et al. Prolonged electrocardiographic monitoring in patients with syncope. Importance of frequent or repetitive ventricular ectopy. Am J Med 1987; 82:20. Linzer M, Prystowsky EN, Divine GW, et al. Predicting the outcomes of electrophysiologic studies of patients with unexplained syncope: preliminary validation of a derived model. J Gen Intern Med 1991; 6:113. Bachinsky WB, Linzer M, Weld L, Estes NA 3rd. Usefulness of clinical characteristics in predicting the outcome of electrophysiologic studies in unexplained syncope. Am J Cardiol 1992; 69:1044. Krahn AD, Klein GJ, Fitzpatrick A, et al. Predicting the outcome of patients with unexplained syncope undergoing prolonged monitoring. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2002; 25:37. Krahn AD, Klein GJ, Yee R, Skanes AC. Randomized assessment of syncope trial: conventional diagnostic testing versus a prolonged monitoring strategy. Circulation 2001; 104:46. Krahn AD, Klein GJ, Yee R, et al. Use of an extended monitoring strategy in patients with problematic syncope. Reveal Investigators. Circulation 1999; 99:406. Farwell DJ, Freemantle N, Sulke AN. Use of implantable loop recorders in the diagnosis and management of syncope. Eur Heart J 2004; 25:1257. Brignole M, Sutton R, Menozzi C, et al. Early application of an implantable loop recorder allows effective specific therapy in patients with recurrent suspected neurally mediated syncope. Eur Heart J 2006; 27:1085. Edvardsson N, Frykman V, van Mechelen R, et al. Use of an implantable loop recorder to increase the diagnostic yield in unexplained syncope: results from the PICTURE registry. Europace 2011; 13:262. Furukawa T, Maggi R, Bertolone C, et al. Additional diagnostic value of very prolonged observation by implantable loop recorder in patients with unexplained syncope. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2012; 23:67. Krahn AD, Klein GJ, Yee R, Manda V. The high cost of syncope: cost implications of a new insertable loop recorder in the investigation of recurrent syncope. Am Heart J 1999; 137:870. Davis S, Westby M, Pitcher D, Petkar S. Implantable loop recorders are cost-effective when used to investigate transient loss of consciousness which is either suspected to be arrhythmic or remains unexplained. Europace 2012; 14:402.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f35_32_36361

Krahn AD, Klein GJ, Yee R, Manda V. The high cost of syncope: cost implications of a new insertable loop recorder in the investigation of recurrent syncope. Am Heart J 1999; 137:870. Davis S, Westby M, Pitcher D, Petkar S. Implantable loop recorders are cost-effective when used to investigate transient loss of consciousness which is either suspected to be arrhythmic or remains unexplained. Europace 2012; 14:402. Prognostic importance of premature beats following myocardial infarction. Experience in the coronary drug project. JAMA 1973; 223:1116. Kotler MN, Tabatznik B, Mower MM, Tominaga S. Prognostic significance of ventricular ectopic beats with respect to sudden death in the late postinfarction period. Circulation 1973; 47:959. Ruberman W, Weinblatt E, Goldberg JD, et al. Ventricular premature beats and mortality after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1977; 297:750. Ruberman W, Weinblatt E, Goldberg JD, et al. Ventricular premature complexes and sudden death after myocardial infarction. Circulation 1981; 64:297. Bigger JT Jr, Fleiss JL, Kleiger R, et al. The relationships among ventricular arrhythmias, left ventricular dysfunction, and mortality in the 2 years after myocardial infarction. Circulation 1984; 69:250. Kleiger RE, Miller JP, Bigger JT Jr, Moss AJ. Decreased heart rate variability and its association with increased mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1987; 59:256. Farrell TG, Bashir Y, Cripps T, et al. Risk stratification for arrhythmic events in postinfarction patients based on heart rate variability, ambulatory electrocardiographic variables and the signal-averaged electrocardiogram. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991; 18:687. Algra A, Tijssen JG, Roelandt JR, et al. Heart rate variability from 24-hour electrocardiography and the 2-year risk for sudden death. Circulation 1993; 88:180. Maron BJ, Savage DD, Wolfson JK, Epstein SE. Prognostic significance of 24 hour ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a prospective study. Am J Cardiol 1981; 48:252. McKenna WJ, England D, Doi YL, et al. Arrhythmia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. I: Influence on prognosis. Br Heart J 1981; 46:168. Huang SK, Messer JV, Denes P. Significance of ventricular tachycardia in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: observations in 35 patients. Am J Cardiol 1983; 51:507.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f35_32_36361

Maron BJ, Savage DD, Wolfson JK, Epstein SE. Prognostic significance of 24 hour ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a prospective study. Am J Cardiol 1981; 48:252. McKenna WJ, England D, Doi YL, et al. Arrhythmia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. I: Influence on prognosis. Br Heart J 1981; 46:168. Huang SK, Messer JV, Denes P. Significance of ventricular tachycardia in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: observations in 35 patients. Am J Cardiol 1983; 51:507. Meinertz T, Hofmann T, Kasper W, et al. Significance of ventricular arrhythmias in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1984; 53:902. Holmes J, Kubo SH, Cody RJ, Kligfield P. Arrhythmias in ischemic and nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy: prediction of mortality by ambulatory electrocardiography. Am J Cardiol 1985; 55:146. Brodsky M, Wu D, Denes P, et al. Arrhythmias documented by 24 hour continuous electrocardiographic monitoring in 50 male medical students without apparent heart disease. Am J Cardiol 1977; 39:390. Sobotka PA, Mayer JH, Bauernfeind RA, et al. Arrhythmias documented by 24-hour continuous ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring in young women without apparent heart disease. Am Heart J 1981; 101:753. Bjerregaard P. Premature beats in healthy subjects 40-79 years of age. Eur Heart J 1982; 3:493. Fleg JL, Kennedy HL. Cardiac arrhythmias in a healthy elderly population: detection by 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiography. Chest 1982; 81:302. Kennedy HL, Underhill SJ. Frequent or complex ventricular ectopy in apparently healthy subjects: a clinical study of 25 cases. Am J Cardiol 1976; 38:141. Kennedy HL, Whitlock JA, Sprague MK, et al. Long-term follow-up of asymptomatic healthy subjects with frequent and complex ventricular ectopy. N Engl J Med 1985; 312:193. Winkle RA. Antiarrhythmic drug effect mimicked by spontaneous variability of ventricular ectopy. Circulation 1978; 57:1116. Morganroth J, Michelson EL, Horowitz LN, et al. Limitations of routine long-term electrocardiographic monitoring to assess ventricular ectopic frequency. Circulation 1978; 58:408. Pratt CM, Delclos G, Wierman AM, et al. The changing base line of complex ventricular arrhythmias. A new consideration in assessing long-term antiarrhythmic drug therapy. N Engl J Med 1985; 313:1444.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f35_32_36361

Morganroth J, Michelson EL, Horowitz LN, et al. Limitations of routine long-term electrocardiographic monitoring to assess ventricular ectopic frequency. Circulation 1978; 58:408. Pratt CM, Delclos G, Wierman AM, et al. The changing base line of complex ventricular arrhythmias. A new consideration in assessing long-term antiarrhythmic drug therapy. N Engl J Med 1985; 313:1444. Pratt CM, Théroux P, Slymen D, et al. Spontaneous variability of ventricular arrhythmias in patients at increased risk for sudden death after acute myocardial infarction: consecutive ambulatory electrocardiographic recordings of 88 patients. Am J Cardiol 1987; 59:278. Anastasiou-Nana MI, Menlove RL, Nanas JN, Anderson JL. Changes in spontaneous variability of ventricular ectopic activity as a function of time in patients with chronic arrhythmias. Circulation 1988; 78:286. Reiter MJ, Karagounis LA, Mann DE, et al. Reproducibility of drug efficacy predictions by Holter monitoring in the electrophysiologic study versus electrocardiographic monitoring (ESVEM) trial. ESVEM Investigators. Am J Cardiol 1997; 79:315. Schaffer WA, Cobb LA. Recurrent ventricular fibrillation and modes of death in survivors of out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. N Engl J Med 1975; 293:259. Eisenberg MS, Hallstrom A, Bergner L. Long-term survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 1982; 306:1340. Pritchett EL, Zimmerman JM, Hammill KF, et al. Electrocardiogram recording by telephone in antiarrhythmic drug trials. Chest 1982; 81:473. Capone RJ, Visco J, Curwen E, VanEvery S. The effect of early prehospital transtelephonic coronary intervention on morbidity and mortality: experience with 284 postmyocardial infarction patients in a pilot program. Am Heart J 1984; 107:1153. Dreifus LS, Zinberg A, Hurzeler P, et al. Transtelephonic monitoring of 25,919 implanted pacemakers. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1986; 9:371. Famularo MA, Kennedy HL. Ambulatory electrocardiography in the assessment of pacemaker function. Am Heart J 1982; 104:1086. Jacobs LJ, Kerzner JS, Diamond MA, et al. Pacemaker inhibition by myopotentials detected by Holter monitoring. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1982; 5:30. Janosik DL, Redd RM, Buckingham TA, et al. Utility of ambulatory electrocardiography in detecting pacemaker dysfunction in the early postimplantation period. Am J Cardiol 1987; 60:1030.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f35_32_36361

Jacobs LJ, Kerzner JS, Diamond MA, et al. Pacemaker inhibition by myopotentials detected by Holter monitoring. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1982; 5:30. Janosik DL, Redd RM, Buckingham TA, et al. Utility of ambulatory electrocardiography in detecting pacemaker dysfunction in the early postimplantation period. Am J Cardiol 1987; 60:1030. Bethge KP, Brandes A, Gonska D. Diagnostic sensitivity of Holter monitoring in pacemaker patients. J Ambul Monit 1989; 2:79. Kelen GJ, Bloomfield DA, Hardage M, et al. A clinical evaluation of an improved Holter monitoring technique for artificial pacemaker function. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1980; 3:192. Topic 958 Version 7.0 © 2013 UpToDate, Inc. All rights reserved. | Subscription and License Agreement | Release: 21.4 - C21.36 Licensed to: Southeast Alabama Med Ctr | Support Tag: [0504-61.55.141.10-11D65C23BF-S244013.14]