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referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f16_37_16986

REFERENCES Travis J. Origins. On the origin of the immune system. Science 2009; 324:580. Boller T, He SY. Innate immunity in plants: an arms race between pattern recognition receptors in plants and effectors in microbial pathogens. Science 2009; 324:742. Takeuchi O, Akira S. Pattern recognition receptors and inflammation. Cell 2010; 140:805. Kumagai Y, Akira S. Identification and functions of pattern-recognition receptors. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125:985. Beutler BA. TLRs and innate immunity. Blood 2009; 113:1399. Blasius AL, Beutler B. Intracellular toll-like receptors. Immunity 2010; 32:305. Shaw MH, Reimer T, Kim YG, Nuñez G. NOD-like receptors (NLRs): bona fide intracellular microbial sensors. Curr Opin Immunol 2008; 20:377. Wilkins C, Gale M Jr. Recognition of viruses by cytoplasmic sensors. Curr Opin Immunol 2010; 22:41. Rietschel ET, Kirikae T, Schade FU, et al. Bacterial endotoxin: molecular relationships of structure to activity and function. FASEB J 1994; 8:217. Zasloff M. Antimicrobial peptides of multicellular organisms. Nature 2002; 415:389. Doss M, White MR, Tecle T, Hartshorn KL. Human defensins and LL-37 in mucosal immunity. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 87:79. Underwood MA, Bevins CL. Defensin-barbed innate immunity: clinical associations in the pediatric population. Pediatrics 2010; 125:1237. Steinstraesser L, Kraneburg U, Jacobsen F, Al-Benna S. Host defense peptides and their antimicrobial-immunomodulatory duality. Immunobiology 2011; 216:322. Ouellette AJ. Paneth cells and innate mucosal immunity. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2010; 26:547. Tecle T, Tripathi S, Hartshorn KL. Review: Defensins and cathelicidins in lung immunity. Innate Immun 2010; 16:151. Lee DJ, Modlin RL. DNA transportation authority. Nat Med 2008; 14:1319. Vora P, Youdim A, Thomas LS, et al. Beta-defensin-2 expression is regulated by TLR signaling in intestinal epithelial cells. J Immunol 2004; 173:5398. Birchler T, Seibl R, Büchner K, et al. Human Toll-like receptor 2 mediates induction of the antimicrobial peptide human beta-defensin 2 in response to bacterial lipoprotein. Eur J Immunol 2001; 31:3131. Wang TT, Nestel FP, Bourdeau V, et al. Cutting edge: 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is a direct inducer of antimicrobial peptide gene expression. J Immunol 2004; 173:2909.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f16_37_16986

Birchler T, Seibl R, Büchner K, et al. Human Toll-like receptor 2 mediates induction of the antimicrobial peptide human beta-defensin 2 in response to bacterial lipoprotein. Eur J Immunol 2001; 31:3131. Wang TT, Nestel FP, Bourdeau V, et al. Cutting edge: 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is a direct inducer of antimicrobial peptide gene expression. J Immunol 2004; 173:2909. Schauber J, Dorschner RA, Coda AB, et al. Injury enhances TLR2 function and antimicrobial peptide expression through a vitamin D-dependent mechanism. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:803. Liu PT, Stenger S, Li H, et al. Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response. Science 2006; 311:1770. Zasloff M. Fighting infections with vitamin D. Nat Med 2006; 12:388. Chertov O, Yang D, Howard OM, Oppenheim JJ. Leukocyte granule proteins mobilize innate host defenses and adaptive immune responses. Immunol Rev 2000; 177:68. Niyonsaba F, Iwabuchi K, Matsuda H, et al. Epithelial cell-derived human beta-defensin-2 acts as a chemotaxin for mast cells through a pertussis toxin-sensitive and phospholipase C-dependent pathway. Int Immunol 2002; 14:421. Niyonsaba F, Iwabuchi K, Someya A, et al. A cathelicidin family of human antibacterial peptide LL-37 induces mast cell chemotaxis. Immunology 2002; 106:20. Salzman NH, Hung K, Haribhai D, et al. Enteric defensins are essential regulators of intestinal microbial ecology. Nat Immunol 2010; 11:76. Epstein J, Eichbaum Q, Sheriff S, Ezekowitz RA. The collectins in innate immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 1996; 8:29. Wright JR. Immunoregulatory functions of surfactant proteins. Nat Rev Immunol 2005; 5:58. Wu H, Kuzmenko A, Wan S, et al. Surfactant proteins A and D inhibit the growth of Gram-negative bacteria by increasing membrane permeability. J Clin Invest 2003; 111:1589. McCormack FX, Gibbons R, Ward SR, et al. Macrophage-independent fungicidal action of the pulmonary collectins. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:36250. Lee DC, Romero R, Kim CJ, et al. Surfactant protein-A as an anti-inflammatory component in the amnion: implications for human pregnancy. J Immunol 2010; 184:6479. Fraser IP, Koziel H, Ezekowitz RA. The serum mannose-binding protein and the macrophage mannose receptor are pattern recognition molecules that link innate and adaptive immunity. Semin Immunol 1998; 10:363.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f16_37_16986

Lee DC, Romero R, Kim CJ, et al. Surfactant protein-A as an anti-inflammatory component in the amnion: implications for human pregnancy. J Immunol 2010; 184:6479. Fraser IP, Koziel H, Ezekowitz RA. The serum mannose-binding protein and the macrophage mannose receptor are pattern recognition molecules that link innate and adaptive immunity. Semin Immunol 1998; 10:363. Ricklin D, Hajishengallis G, Yang K, Lambris JD. Complement: a key system for immune surveillance and homeostasis. Nat Immunol 2010; 11:785. Stowell SR, Arthur CM, Dias-Baruffi M, et al. Innate immune lectins kill bacteria expressing blood group antigen. Nat Med 2010; 16:295. Jack DL, Klein NJ, Turner MW. Mannose-binding lectin: targeting the microbial world for complement attack and opsonophagocytosis. Immunol Rev 2001; 180:86. Botto M, Kirschfink M, Macor P, et al. Complement in human diseases: Lessons from complement deficiencies. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:2774. Liu FT, Bevins CL. A sweet target for innate immunity. Nat Med 2010; 16:263. Garlanda C, Bottazzi B, Bastone A, Mantovani A. Pentraxins at the crossroads between innate immunity, inflammation, matrix deposition, and female fertility. Annu Rev Immunol 2005; 23:337. Mantovani A, Garlanda C, Doni A, Bottazzi B. Pentraxins in innate immunity: from C-reactive protein to the long pentraxin PTX3. J Clin Immunol 2008; 28:1. Bottazzi B, Doni A, Garlanda C, Mantovani A. An integrated view of humoral innate immunity: pentraxins as a paradigm. Annu Rev Immunol 2010; 28:157. Deban L, Russo RC, Sironi M, et al. Regulation of leukocyte recruitment by the long pentraxin PTX3. Nat Immunol 2010; 11:328. Medzhitov R. Recognition of microorganisms and activation of the immune response. Nature 2007; 449:819. Rast JP, Smith LC, Loza-Coll M, et al. Genomic insights into the immune system of the sea urchin. Science 2006; 314:952. Pabst MJ, Hedegaard HB, Johnston RB Jr. Cultured human monocytes require exposure to bacterial products to maintain an optimal oxygen radical response. J Immunol 1982; 128:123. Gay NJ, Keith FJ. Drosophila Toll and IL-1 receptor. Nature 1991; 351:355. Zhang SY, Jouanguy E, Ugolini S, et al. TLR3 deficiency in patients with herpes simplex encephalitis. Science 2007; 317:1522. Casrouge A, Zhang SY, Eidenschenk C, et al. Herpes simplex virus encephalitis in human UNC-93B deficiency. Science 2006; 314:308.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f16_37_16986

Gay NJ, Keith FJ. Drosophila Toll and IL-1 receptor. Nature 1991; 351:355. Zhang SY, Jouanguy E, Ugolini S, et al. TLR3 deficiency in patients with herpes simplex encephalitis. Science 2007; 317:1522. Casrouge A, Zhang SY, Eidenschenk C, et al. Herpes simplex virus encephalitis in human UNC-93B deficiency. Science 2006; 314:308. Dupuis S, Jouanguy E, Al-Hajjar S, et al. Impaired response to interferon-alpha/beta and lethal viral disease in human STAT1 deficiency. Nat Genet 2003; 33:388. Zhang SY, Jouanguy E, Sancho-Shimizu V, et al. Human Toll-like receptor-dependent induction of interferons in protective immunity to viruses. Immunol Rev 2007; 220:225. Tulic MK, Hurrelbrink RJ, Prêle CM, et al. TLR4 polymorphisms mediate impaired responses to respiratory syncytial virus and lipopolysaccharide. J Immunol 2007; 179:132. Pamer EG. TLR polymorphisms and the risk of invasive fungal infections. N Engl J Med 2008; 359:1836. Netea MG, Gow NA, Munro CA, et al. Immune sensing of Candida albicans requires cooperative recognition of mannans and glucans by lectin and Toll-like receptors. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:1642. Thomas CA, Li Y, Kodama T, et al. Protection from lethal gram-positive infection by macrophage scavenger receptor-dependent phagocytosis. J Exp Med 2000; 191:147. Fabriek BO, van Bruggen R, Deng DM, et al. The macrophage scavenger receptor CD163 functions as an innate immune sensor for bacteria. Blood 2009; 113:887. Thelen T, Hao Y, Medeiros AI, et al. The class A scavenger receptor, macrophage receptor with collagenous structure, is the major phagocytic receptor for Clostridium sordellii expressed by human decidual macrophages. J Immunol 2010; 185:4328. Willment JA, Marshall AS, Reid DM, et al. The human beta-glucan receptor is widely expressed and functionally equivalent to murine Dectin-1 on primary cells. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:1539. Levitz SM. Innate recognition of fungal cell walls. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000758. Marakalala MJ, Kerrigan AM, Brown GD. Dectin-1: a role in antifungal defense and consequences of genetic polymorphisms in humans. Mamm Genome 2011; 22:55. Ferwerda B, Ferwerda G, Plantinga TS, et al. Human dectin-1 deficiency and mucocutaneous fungal infections. N Engl J Med 2009; 361:1760. Glocker EO, Hennigs A, Nabavi M, et al. A homozygous CARD9 mutation in a family with susceptibility to fungal infections. N Engl J Med 2009; 361:1727.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f16_37_16986

Marakalala MJ, Kerrigan AM, Brown GD. Dectin-1: a role in antifungal defense and consequences of genetic polymorphisms in humans. Mamm Genome 2011; 22:55. Ferwerda B, Ferwerda G, Plantinga TS, et al. Human dectin-1 deficiency and mucocutaneous fungal infections. N Engl J Med 2009; 361:1760. Glocker EO, Hennigs A, Nabavi M, et al. A homozygous CARD9 mutation in a family with susceptibility to fungal infections. N Engl J Med 2009; 361:1727. Le Y, Yang Y, Cui Y, et al. Receptors for chemotactic formyl peptides as pharmacological targets. Int Immunopharmacol 2002; 2:1. Inohara N, Nuñez G. NODs: intracellular proteins involved in inflammation and apoptosis. Nat Rev Immunol 2003; 3:371. Inohara N, Ogura Y, Fontalba A, et al. Host recognition of bacterial muramyl dipeptide mediated through NOD2. Implications for Crohn's disease. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:5509. Girardin SE, Boneca IG, Viala J, et al. Nod2 is a general sensor of peptidoglycan through muramyl dipeptide (MDP) detection. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:8869. Rosenstiel P, Fantini M, Bräutigam K, et al. TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma regulate the expression of the NOD2 (CARD15) gene in human intestinal epithelial cells. Gastroenterology 2003; 124:1001. Abraham C, Cho JH. Inflammatory bowel disease. N Engl J Med 2009; 361:2066. Economou M, Trikalinos TA, Loizou KT, et al. Differential effects of NOD2 variants on Crohn's disease risk and phenotype in diverse populations: a metaanalysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2004; 99:2393. Kato H, Takeuchi O, Sato S, et al. Differential roles of MDA5 and RIG-I helicases in the recognition of RNA viruses. Nature 2006; 441:101. Johnston RB Jr, Babior BM. The polymorphonuclear leukocyte system. In: Immunologic disorders in infants and children, 5th ed, Stiehm ER, Ochs HD, Winkelstein JA (Eds), Saunders/Elsevier, Philadelphia 2004. p.109. Silva MT. When two is better than one: macrophages and neutrophils work in concert in innate immunity as complementary and cooperative partners of a myeloid phagocyte system. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 87:93. Serbina NV, Jia T, Hohl TM, Pamer EG. Monocyte-mediated defense against microbial pathogens. Annu Rev Immunol 2008; 26:421. Rossi M, Young JW. Human dendritic cells: potent antigen-presenting cells at the crossroads of innate and adaptive immunity. J Immunol 2005; 175:1373. Liu K, Nussenzweig MC. Origin and development of dendritic cells. Immunol Rev 2010; 234:45.

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Serbina NV, Jia T, Hohl TM, Pamer EG. Monocyte-mediated defense against microbial pathogens. Annu Rev Immunol 2008; 26:421. Rossi M, Young JW. Human dendritic cells: potent antigen-presenting cells at the crossroads of innate and adaptive immunity. J Immunol 2005; 175:1373. Liu K, Nussenzweig MC. Origin and development of dendritic cells. Immunol Rev 2010; 234:45. Rehaume LM, Hancock RE. Neutrophil-derived defensins as modulators of innate immune function. Crit Rev Immunol 2008; 28:185. Nauseef WM. How human neutrophils kill and degrade microbes: an integrated view. Immunol Rev 2007; 219:88. Winkelstein JA, Marino MC, Johnston RB Jr, et al. Chronic granulomatous disease. Report on a national registry of 368 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2000; 79:155. Reeves EP, Lu H, Jacobs HL, et al. Killing activity of neutrophils is mediated through activation of proteases by K+ flux. Nature 2002; 416:291. Walker RI, Willemze R. Neutrophil kinetics and the regulation of granulopoiesis. Rev Infect Dis 1980; 2:282. Stossel TP. The E. Donnall Thomas Lecture, 1993. The machinery of blood cell movements. Blood 1994; 84:367. Vandivier RW, Henson PM, Douglas IS. Burying the dead: the impact of failed apoptotic cell removal (efferocytosis) on chronic inflammatory lung disease. Chest 2006; 129:1673. Fox S, Leitch AE, Duffin R, et al. Neutrophil apoptosis: relevance to the innate immune response and inflammatory disease. J Innate Immun 2010; 2:216. Tambuyzer BR, Ponsaerts P, Nouwen EJ. Microglia: gatekeepers of central nervous system immunology. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 85:352. Amor S, Puentes F, Baker D, van der Valk P. Inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. Immunology 2010; 129:154. Paust S, Senman B, von Andrian UH. Adaptive immune responses mediated by natural killer cells. Immunol Rev 2010; 235:286. Cooper MA, Yokoyama WM. Memory-like responses of natural killer cells. Immunol Rev 2010; 235:297. Lauzon NM, Mian F, MacKenzie R, Ashkar AA. The direct effects of Toll-like receptor ligands on human NK cell cytokine production and cytotoxicity. Cell Immunol 2006; 241:102. Hart OM, Athie-Morales V, O'Connor GM, Gardiner CM. TLR7/8-mediated activation of human NK cells results in accessory cell-dependent IFN-gamma production. J Immunol 2005; 175:1636.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f16_37_16986

Lauzon NM, Mian F, MacKenzie R, Ashkar AA. The direct effects of Toll-like receptor ligands on human NK cell cytokine production and cytotoxicity. Cell Immunol 2006; 241:102. Hart OM, Athie-Morales V, O'Connor GM, Gardiner CM. TLR7/8-mediated activation of human NK cells results in accessory cell-dependent IFN-gamma production. J Immunol 2005; 175:1636. Wagtmann N, Rajagopalan S, Winter CC, et al. Killer cell inhibitory receptors specific for HLA-C and HLA-B identified by direct binding and by functional transfer. Immunity 1995; 3:801. Lazetic S, Chang C, Houchins JP, et al. Human natural killer cell receptors involved in MHC class I recognition are disulfide-linked heterodimers of CD94 and NKG2 subunits. J Immunol 1996; 157:4741. Cerwenka A, Lanier LL. Natural killer cells, viruses and cancer. Nat Rev Immunol 2001; 1:41. Gasser S, Raulet DH. Activation and self-tolerance of natural killer cells. Immunol Rev 2006; 214:130. Trapani JA, Smyth MJ. Functional significance of the perforin/granzyme cell death pathway. Nat Rev Immunol 2002; 2:735. Andoniou CE, Andrews DM, Degli-Esposti MA. Natural killer cells in viral infection: more than just killers. Immunol Rev 2006; 214:239. Moretta L, Ferlazzo G, Bottino C, et al. Effector and regulatory events during natural killer-dendritic cell interactions. Immunol Rev 2006; 214:219. Rouse BT, Sehrawat S. Immunity and immunopathology to viruses: what decides the outcome? Nat Rev Immunol 2010; 10:514. Biron CA, Byron KS, Sullivan JL. Severe herpesvirus infections in an adolescent without natural killer cells. N Engl J Med 1989; 320:1731. Nakanaga T, Nadel JA, Ueki IF, et al. Regulation of interleukin-8 via an airway epithelial signaling cascade. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 292:L1289. Szolnoky G, Bata-Csörgö Z, Kenderessy AS, et al. A mannose-binding receptor is expressed on human keratinocytes and mediates killing of Candida albicans. J Invest Dermatol 2001; 117:205. Rakoff-Nahoum S, Paglino J, Eslami-Varzaneh F, et al. Recognition of commensal microflora by toll-like receptors is required for intestinal homeostasis. Cell 2004; 118:229. Varadaradjalou S, Féger F, Thieblemont N, et al. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 differentially activate human mast cells. Eur J Immunol 2003; 33:899.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f16_37_16986

Rakoff-Nahoum S, Paglino J, Eslami-Varzaneh F, et al. Recognition of commensal microflora by toll-like receptors is required for intestinal homeostasis. Cell 2004; 118:229. Varadaradjalou S, Féger F, Thieblemont N, et al. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 differentially activate human mast cells. Eur J Immunol 2003; 33:899. McCurdy JD, Olynych TJ, Maher LH, Marshall JS. Cutting edge: distinct Toll-like receptor 2 activators selectively induce different classes of mediator production from human mast cells. J Immunol 2003; 170:1625. Schulman ES, Post TJ, Henson PM, Giclas PC. Differential effects of the complement peptides, C5a and C5a des Arg on human basophil and lung mast cell histamine release. J Clin Invest 1988; 81:918. Malaviya R, Ikeda T, Ross E, Abraham SN. Mast cell modulation of neutrophil influx and bacterial clearance at sites of infection through TNF-alpha. Nature 1996; 381:77. Abraham SN, St John AL. Mast cell-orchestrated immunity to pathogens. Nat Rev Immunol 2010; 10:440. Semple JW, Freedman J. Platelets and innate immunity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:499. Leslie M. Cell biology. Beyond clotting: the powers of platelets. Science 2010; 328:562. Holt PG, Oliver J, Bilyk N, et al. Downregulation of the antigen presenting cell function(s) of pulmonary dendritic cells in vivo by resident alveolar macrophages. J Exp Med 1993; 177:397. Lambrecht BN. Alveolar macrophage in the driver's seat. Immunity 2006; 24:366. Takabayshi K, Corr M, Hayashi T, et al. Induction of a homeostatic circuit in lung tissue by microbial compounds. Immunity 2006; 24:475. Silva MT. Bacteria-induced phagocyte secondary necrosis as a pathogenicity mechanism. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 88:885. Banerjee S, Friggeri A, Liu G, Abraham E. The C-terminal acidic tail is responsible for the inhibitory effects of HMGB1 on efferocytosis. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 88:973. Fadok VA, Voelker DR, Campbell PA, et al. Exposure of phosphatidylserine on the surface of apoptotic lymphocytes triggers specific recognition and removal by macrophages. J Immunol 1992; 148:2207. Fadok VA, Bratton DL, Rose DM, et al. A receptor for phosphatidylserine-specific clearance of apoptotic cells. Nature 2000; 405:85. Fadeel B, Xue D, Kagan V. Programmed cell clearance: molecular regulation of the elimination of apoptotic cell corpses and its role in the resolution of inflammation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 396:7.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f16_37_16986

Fadok VA, Bratton DL, Rose DM, et al. A receptor for phosphatidylserine-specific clearance of apoptotic cells. Nature 2000; 405:85. Fadeel B, Xue D, Kagan V. Programmed cell clearance: molecular regulation of the elimination of apoptotic cell corpses and its role in the resolution of inflammation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 396:7. Parihar A, Eubank TD, Doseff AI. Monocytes and macrophages regulate immunity through dynamic networks of survival and cell death. J Innate Immun 2010; 2:204. Johnston RB Jr. Clinical aspects of chronic granulomatous disease. Curr Opin Hematol 2001; 8:17. Segal BH, Han W, Bushey JJ, et al. NADPH oxidase limits innate immune responses in the lungs in mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9631. Fernandez-Boyanapalli RF, Frasch SC, McPhillips K, et al. Impaired apoptotic cell clearance in CGD due to altered macrophage programming is reversed by phosphatidylserine-dependent production of IL-4. Blood 2009; 113:2047. Fernandez-Boyanapalli R, McPhillips KA, Frasch SC, et al. Impaired phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages in chronic granulomatous disease is reversed by IFN-γ in a nitric oxide-dependent manner. J Immunol 2010; 185:4030. Vandivier RW, Ogden CA, Fadok VA, et al. Role of surfactant proteins A, D, and C1q in the clearance of apoptotic cells in vivo and in vitro: calreticulin and CD91 as a common collectin receptor complex. J Immunol 2002; 169:3978. Topic 13572 Version 4.0 © 2013 UpToDate, Inc. All rights reserved. | Subscription and License Agreement | Release: 21.6- C21.56 Licensed to: AsanBook Dig. Med. Lib. | Support Tag: [0504-58.240.98.179-F8E45503D2-S244013.14]