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referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f41_39_42617

REFERENCES Swartz MN. Central nervous infections. In: Anaerobic Infections in Humans, Finegold SM, George WL (Eds), Academic Press, San Diego 1989. p.156. Brook I. The role of anaerobic bacteria in otitis media: microbiology, pathogenesis, and implications on therapy. Am J Otolaryngol 1987; 8:109. Brook I, Frazier EH. Aerobic and anaerobic microbiology in intra-abdominal infections associated with diverticulitis. J Med Microbiol 2000; 49:827. Swenson RM, Lorber B, Michaelson TC, Spaulding EH. The bacteriology of intra-abdominal infections. Arch Surg 1974; 109:398. Brook I, Frazier EH. Microbiology of subphrenic abscesses: a 14-year experience. Am Surg 1999; 65:1049. Sabbaj J, Sutter VL, Finegold SM. Anaerobic pyogenic liver abscess. Ann Intern Med 1972; 77:627. Sweet RL. Role of bacterial vaginosis in pelvic inflammatory disease. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20 Suppl 2:S271. Sweet RL, Schachter J, Landers DV, et al. Treatment of hospitalized patients with acute pelvic inflammatory disease: comparison of cefotetan plus doxycycline and cefoxitin plus doxycycline. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988; 158:736. Rosene K, Eschenbach DA, Tompkins LS, et al. Polymicrobial early postpartum endometritis with facultative and anaerobic bacteria, genital mycoplasmas, and Chlamydia trachomatis: treatment with piperacillin or cefoxitin. J Infect Dis 1986; 153:1028. Meislin HW, Lerner SA, Graves MH, et al. Cutaneous abscesses. Anaerobic and aerobic bacteriology and outpatient management. Ann Intern Med 1977; 87:145. Versluijs-Ossewaarde FN, Roumen RM, Goris RJ. Subareolar breast abscesses: characteristics and results of surgical treatment. Breast J 2005; 11:179. Pearson HE, Smiley DF. Bacteroides in pilonidal sinuses. Am J Surg 1968; 115:336. Brook I. Bacteriologic study of paronychia in children. Am J Surg 1981; 141:703. Bartlett JG, Condon RE, Gorbach SL, et al. Veterans Administration Cooperative Study on Bowel Preparation for Elective Colorectal Operations: impact of oral antibiotic regimen on colonic flora, wound irrigation cultures and bacteriology of septic complications. Ann Surg 1978; 188:249. Sanderson PJ, Wren MW, Baldwin AW. Anaerobic organisms in postoperative wounds. J Clin Pathol 1979; 32:143. Goldstein EJ, Citron DM, Finegold SM. Role of anaerobic bacteria in bite-wound infections. Rev Infect Dis 1984; 6 Suppl 1:S177.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f41_39_42617

Bartlett JG, Condon RE, Gorbach SL, et al. Veterans Administration Cooperative Study on Bowel Preparation for Elective Colorectal Operations: impact of oral antibiotic regimen on colonic flora, wound irrigation cultures and bacteriology of septic complications. Ann Surg 1978; 188:249. Sanderson PJ, Wren MW, Baldwin AW. Anaerobic organisms in postoperative wounds. J Clin Pathol 1979; 32:143. Goldstein EJ, Citron DM, Finegold SM. Role of anaerobic bacteria in bite-wound infections. Rev Infect Dis 1984; 6 Suppl 1:S177. Louie TJ, Bartlett JG, Tally FP, Gorbach SL. Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in diabetic foot ulcers. Ann Intern Med 1976; 85:461. Salonen JH, Eerola E, Meurman O. Clinical significance and outcome of anaerobic bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26:1413. HEINEMAN HS, BRAUDE AI. ANAEROBIC INFECTION OF THE BRAIN. OBSERVATIONS ON EIGHTEEN CONSECUTIVE CASES OF BRAIN ABSCESS. Am J Med 1963; 35:682. Frederick J, Braude AI. Anaerobic infection of the paranasal sinuses. N Engl J Med 1974; 290:135. Bartlett JG, O'Keefe P. The bacteriology of perimandibular space infections. J Oral Surg 1979; 37:407. Chow AW, Roser SM, Brady FA. Orofacial odontogenic infections. Ann Intern Med 1978; 88:392. Flodström A, Hallander HO. Microbiological aspects on peritonsillar abscesses. Scand J Infect Dis 1976; 8:157. Mitchelmore IJ, Prior AJ, Montgomery PQ, Tabaqchali S. Microbiological features and pathogenesis of peritonsillar abscesses. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1995; 14:870. Williams BL, McCann GF, Schoenknecht FD. Bacteriology of dental abscesses of endodontic origin. J Clin Microbiol 1983; 18:770. Bartlett JG, Finegold SM. Anaerobic infections of the lung and pleural space. Am Rev Respir Dis 1974; 110:56. Lorber B, Swenson RM. Bacteriology of aspiration pneumonia. A prospective study of community- and hospital-acquired cases. Ann Intern Med 1974; 81:329. Beerens, H, Tahon-Castel, M. Infections Humaines à Bactéries Anaérobies Nontoxigènes. Presses Académiques Européenes, Bruxelles 1965. p.91. Varkey B, Rose HD, Kutty CP, Politis J. Empyema thoracis during a ten-year period. Analysis of 72 cases and comparison to a previous study (1952 to 1967). Arch Intern Med 1981; 141:1771. Ries K, Levison ME, Kaye D. Transtracheal aspiration in pulmonary infection. Arch Intern Med 1974; 133:453.

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Beerens, H, Tahon-Castel, M. Infections Humaines à Bactéries Anaérobies Nontoxigènes. Presses Académiques Européenes, Bruxelles 1965. p.91. Varkey B, Rose HD, Kutty CP, Politis J. Empyema thoracis during a ten-year period. Analysis of 72 cases and comparison to a previous study (1952 to 1967). Arch Intern Med 1981; 141:1771. Ries K, Levison ME, Kaye D. Transtracheal aspiration in pulmonary infection. Arch Intern Med 1974; 133:453. Pollock HM, Hawkins EL, Bonner JR, et al. Diagnosis of bacterial pulmonary infections with quantitative protected catheter cultures obtained during bronchoscopy. J Clin Microbiol 1983; 17:255. Bartlett JG, O'Keefe P, Tally FP, et al. Bacteriology of hospital-acquired pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 1986; 146:868. Stone HH, Strom PR, Fabian TC, Dunlop WE. Third-generation cephalosporins for polymicrobial surgical sepsis. Arch Surg 1983; 118:193. Gorbach SL, Bartlett JG. Anaerobic infections. 1. N Engl J Med 1974; 290:1177. Thadepalli H, Gorbach SL, Keith L. Anaerobic infections of the female genital tract: bacteriologic and therapeutic aspects. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1973; 117:1034. Swenson RM, Michaelson TC, Daly MJ, Spaulding EH. Anaerobic bacterial infections of the female genital tract. Obstet Gynecol 1973; 42:538. Ledger WJ, Gee CL, Pollin R, et al. The use of pr-reduced media and a portable jar for the collection of anaerobic organisms for clinical sites of infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1976; 125:677. Altemeier, WA. The anaerobic streptococci in tuboovarian abscess. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1940; 39:1038. Eschenbach DA, Buchanan TM, Pollock HM, et al. Polymicrobial etiology of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med 1975; 293:166. Chow AW, Marshall JR, Guze LB. A double-blind comparison of clindamycin with penicillin plus chloramphenicol in treatment of septic abortion. J Infect Dis 1977; 135 Suppl:S35. Whitehead SM, Leach RD, Eykyn SJ, Phillips I. The aetiology of perirectal sepsis. Br J Surg 1982; 69:166. Stone HH, Martin JD Jr. Synergistic necrotizing cellulitis. Ann Surg 1972; 175:702. Elliott D, Kufera JA, Myers RA. The microbiology of necrotizing soft tissue infections. Am J Surg 2000; 179:361. Chandler MT, Morton ES, Byrd RP Jr, et al. Reevaluation of anaerobic blood cultures in a Veteran population. South Med J 2000; 93:986.

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Stone HH, Martin JD Jr. Synergistic necrotizing cellulitis. Ann Surg 1972; 175:702. Elliott D, Kufera JA, Myers RA. The microbiology of necrotizing soft tissue infections. Am J Surg 2000; 179:361. Chandler MT, Morton ES, Byrd RP Jr, et al. Reevaluation of anaerobic blood cultures in a Veteran population. South Med J 2000; 93:986. Snydman DR, Jacobus NV, McDermott LA, et al. National survey on the susceptibility of Bacteroides fragilis group: report and analysis of trends in the United States from 1997 to 2004. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:1649. Enwonwu CO, Falkler WA Jr, Phillips RS. Noma (cancrum oris). Lancet 2006; 368:147. Falkler WA Jr, Enwonwu CO, Idigbe EO. Microbiological understandings and mysteries of noma (cancrum oris). Oral Dis 1999; 5:150. Bartlett JG. Anaerobic bacterial infection of the lung. Anaerobe 2012; 18:235. Bartlett JG. Anaerobic bacterial pneumonitis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1979; 119:19. Lucasti C, Jasovich A, Umeh O, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of IV doripenem versus meropenem in adults with complicated intra-abdominal infection: a phase III, prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, noninferiority study. Clin Ther 2008; 30:868. Tally FP, Gorbach SL. Therapy of mixed anaerobic-aerobic infections. Lessons from studies of intra-abdominal sepsis. Am J Med 1985; 78:145. Bartlett JG, Onderdonk AB, Louie T, et al. A review. Lessons from an animal model of intra-abdominal sepsis. Arch Surg 1978; 113:853. Solomkin JS, Mazuski JE, Bradley JS, et al. Diagnosis and management of complicated intra-abdominal infection in adults and children: guidelines by the Surgical Infection Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 50:133. Wong PF, Gilliam AD, Kumar S, et al. Antibiotic regimens for secondary peritonitis of gastrointestinal origin in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; :CD004539. Goldstein EJ, Solomkin JS, Citron DM, Alder JD. Clinical efficacy and correlation of clinical outcomes with in vitro susceptibility for anaerobic bacteria in patients with complicated intra-abdominal infections treated with moxifloxacin. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 53:1074. Fredricks DN, Fiedler TL, Marrazzo JM. Molecular identification of bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis. N Engl J Med 2005; 353:1899.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f41_39_42617

Goldstein EJ, Solomkin JS, Citron DM, Alder JD. Clinical efficacy and correlation of clinical outcomes with in vitro susceptibility for anaerobic bacteria in patients with complicated intra-abdominal infections treated with moxifloxacin. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 53:1074. Fredricks DN, Fiedler TL, Marrazzo JM. Molecular identification of bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis. N Engl J Med 2005; 353:1899. Al Benwan K, Al Mulla A, Rotimi VO. A study of the microbiology of diabetic foot infections in a teaching hospital in Kuwait. J Infect Public Health 2012; 5:1. Bryan CS, Dew CE, Reynolds KL. Bacteremia associated with decubitus ulcers. Arch Intern Med 1983; 143:2093. Sapico FL, Canawati HN, Witte JL, et al. Quantitative aerobic and anaerobic bacteriology of infected diabetic feet. J Clin Microbiol 1980; 12:413. Wheat LJ, Allen SD, Henry M, et al. Diabetic foot infections. Bacteriologic analysis. Arch Intern Med 1986; 146:1935. Wilson WR, Martin WJ, Wilkowske CJ, Washington JA 2nd. Anaerobic bacteremia. Mayo Clin Proc 1972; 47:639. James PA, al-Shafi KM. Clinical value of anaerobic blood culture: a retrospective analysis of positive patient episodes. J Clin Pathol 2000; 53:231. Finegold SM, George WL, Mulligan ME. Anaerobic infections. Part II. Dis Mon 1985; 31:1. Lassmann B, Gustafson DR, Wood CM, Rosenblatt JE. Reemergence of anaerobic bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44:895. Fenner L, Widmer AF, Straub C, Frei R. Is the incidence of anaerobic bacteremia decreasing? Analysis of 114,000 blood cultures over a ten-year period. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46:2432. Hecht DW. Routine anaerobic blood cultures: back where we started? Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44:901. Redondo MC, Arbo MD, Grindlinger J, Snydman DR. Attributable mortality of bacteremia associated with the Bacteroides fragilis group. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20:1492. Methods for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria, 8th Edition. Approved standard M11-A8. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute 2012; 32(5). Nguyen MH, Yu VL, Morris AJ, et al. Antimicrobial resistance and clinical outcome of Bacteroides bacteremia: findings of a multicenter prospective observational trial. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 30:870. Zahar JR, Farhat H, Chachaty E, et al. Incidence and clinical significance of anaerobic bacteraemia in cancer patients: a 6-year retrospective study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005; 11:724.

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Nguyen MH, Yu VL, Morris AJ, et al. Antimicrobial resistance and clinical outcome of Bacteroides bacteremia: findings of a multicenter prospective observational trial. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 30:870. Zahar JR, Farhat H, Chachaty E, et al. Incidence and clinical significance of anaerobic bacteraemia in cancer patients: a 6-year retrospective study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005; 11:724. Hecht DW. Prevalence of antibiotic resistance in anaerobic bacteria: worrisome developments. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39:92. Jamal W, Shahin M, Rotimi VO. Surveillance and trends of antimicrobial resistance among clinical isolates of anaerobes in Kuwait hospitals from 2002 to 2007. Anaerobe 2010; 16:1. Goldstein EJ, Citron DM. Activity of a novel carbapenem, doripenem, against anaerobic pathogens. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2009; 63:447. Karlowsky JA, Walkty AJ, Adam HJ, et al. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among clinical isolates of Bacteroides fragilis group in Canada in 2010-2011: CANWARD surveillance study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:1247. Fernández-Canigia L, Litterio M, Legaria MC, et al. First national survey of antibiotic susceptibility of the Bacteroides fragilis group: emerging resistance to carbapenems in Argentina. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:1309. Wexler HM. Bacteroides: the good, the bad, and the nitty-gritty. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007; 20:593. Snydman DR, Jacobus NV, McDermott LA, et al. National survey on the susceptibility of Bacteroides Fragilis Group: report and analysis of trends for 1997-2000. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35:S126. Snydman DR, Jacobus NV, McDermott LA. In vitro activities of doripenem, a new broad-spectrum carbapenem, against recently collected clinical anaerobic isolates, with emphasis on the Bacteroides fragilis group. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:4492. Paterson DL, Depestel DD. Doripenem. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 49:291. Ang L, Brenwald NP, Walker RM, et al. Carbapenem resistance in Bacteroides fragilis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007; 59:1042. Liu CY, Huang YT, Liao CH, et al. Increasing trends in antimicrobial resistance among clinically important anaerobes and Bacteroides fragilis isolates causing nosocomial infections: emerging resistance to carbapenems. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:3161.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f41_39_42617

Ang L, Brenwald NP, Walker RM, et al. Carbapenem resistance in Bacteroides fragilis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007; 59:1042. Liu CY, Huang YT, Liao CH, et al. Increasing trends in antimicrobial resistance among clinically important anaerobes and Bacteroides fragilis isolates causing nosocomial infections: emerging resistance to carbapenems. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:3161. Pumbwe L, Wareham DW, Aduse-Opoku J, et al. Genetic analysis of mechanisms of multidrug resistance in a clinical isolate of Bacteroides fragilis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2007; 13:183. Jacinto RC, Montagner F, Signoretti FG, et al. Frequency, microbial interactions, and antimicrobial susceptibility of Fusobacterium nucleatum and Fusobacterium necrophorum isolated from primary endodontic infections. J Endod 2008; 34:1451. Topic 5520 Version 10.0 © 2013 UpToDate, Inc. All rights reserved. | Subscription and License Agreement | Release: 21.4 - C21.36 Licensed to: Southeast Alabama Med Ctr | Support Tag: [0504-203.80.222.8-1A4E1675F2-S244013.14]