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Walk the Even Hospital Database by book and chapter — the raw source passages that ground Ask, DDx, and the rest.
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©2013 UpToDate ® Print Email Routes of administration Route Comments Oral (PO) Requires functioning GI tract Rectal (PR) Absorption may be unpredictable Intramuscular (IM) Not recommended due to painful injections and fluctuations in drug levels Intravenous (IV) Single, repetitive bolus, continuous infusion, or patient-controlled analgesia Subcutaneous (SC) Single, repetitive bolus, continuous infusion, or patient-controlled analgesia Transdermal (TD) Noninvasive; delayed onset of action with first dose Oral transmucosal (OT) Includes sublingual and several rapid onset formulations Epidural analgesia (EA) Indwelling catheter is tunneled under the skin and left percutaneous or connected to a port Intrathecal analgesia (IA) An indwelling intrathecal catheter is placed for long-term analgesia