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referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f34_61_35798

REFERENCES Bammann BL, Coulam CB, Jiang NS. Total and free testosterone during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980; 137:293. Berger NG, Repke JT, Woodruff JD. Markedly elevated serum testosterone in pregnancy without fetal virilization. Obstet Gynecol 1984; 63:260. Mizuno M, Lobotsky J, Lloyd CW, et al. Plasma androstenedione and testerone during pregnancy and in the newborn. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1968; 28:1133. Rivarola MA, Forest MG, Migeon CJ. Testosterone, androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone in plasma during pregnancy and at delivery: concentration and protein binding. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1968; 28:34. Saez JM, Forest MG, Morera AM, Bertrand J. Metabolic clearance rate and blood production rate of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in normal subjects, during pregnancy, and in hyperthyroidism. J Clin Invest 1972; 51:1226. Pearlman WH, Crépy O, Murphy M. Testosterone-binding levels in the serum of women during the normal menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and the post-partum period. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1967; 27:1012. Anderson DC, Lasley BL, Risher RA, et al. Transplacental gradients of sex-hormone-binding globulin in human and simian pregnancy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1976; 5:657. Forest MG, Ances IG, Tapper AJ, Migeon CJ. Percentage binding of testosterone, androstendione and dihydroisoandrosterone in plasma at the time of delivery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1971; 32:417. Vermeulen, A, Verdonck, L, Van Der Straeten, M, Orie, N. Capacity of the testosterone-binding globulin in human plasma and influence of specific binding of testosterone on its metabolic clearance rates. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1969; 29:1470. Castracane VD, Stewart DR, Gimpel T, et al. Maternal serum androgens in human pregnancy: early increases within the cycle of conception. Hum Reprod 1998; 13:460. Toriola AT, Vääräsmäki M, Lehtinen M, et al. Determinants of maternal sex steroids during the first half of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2011; 118:1029. Tulchinsky, D, Ryan, KJ. Maternal-Fetal Endocrinology. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1980. Treloar OL, Wolf RC, Meyer RK. The corpus luteum of the rhesus monkey during late pregnancy. Endocrinology 1972; 91:665. Milewich L, Gomez-Sanchez C, Madden JD, et al. Dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate in peripheral blood of premenopausal, pregnant and postmenopausal women and men. J Steroid Biochem 1978; 9:1159.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f34_61_35798

Tulchinsky, D, Ryan, KJ. Maternal-Fetal Endocrinology. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1980. Treloar OL, Wolf RC, Meyer RK. The corpus luteum of the rhesus monkey during late pregnancy. Endocrinology 1972; 91:665. Milewich L, Gomez-Sanchez C, Madden JD, et al. Dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate in peripheral blood of premenopausal, pregnant and postmenopausal women and men. J Steroid Biochem 1978; 9:1159. Gant NF, Hutchinson HT, Siiteri PK, MacDonald PC. Study of the metabolic clearance rate of dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1971; 111:555. Braunstein GD, Horton R. Increased maternal serum 3 alpha, 17 beta-androstanediol glucuronide concentrations during pregnancy. Fertil Steril 1985; 44:210. Mathur RS, Katikaneni LD, Garza D, Moody LO. 3 alpha-Androstanediol and 3 alpha-androstanediol glucuronide. Maternal and umbilical cord plasma concentrations in normal pregnancy. J Reprod Med 1992; 37:721. Saez, JM, Bertrand, J. Androgen studies in the foeto-placental unit. In: International Congress Series, Pecite, E, Linze, C (Eds), Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam 1969; 183:132. Sarkar P, Bergman K, Fisk NM, et al. Amniotic fluid testosterone: relationship with cortisol and gestational age. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2007; 67:743. Robinson JD, Judd HL, Young PE, et al. Amniotic fluid androgens and estrogens in midgestation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1977; 45:755. Rodeck CH, Gill D, Rosenberg DA, Collins WP. Testosterone levels in midtrimester maternal and fetal plasma and amniotic fluid. Prenat Diagn 1985; 5:175. Diez d'Aux RC, Pearson Murphy BE. Androgens in the human fetus. J Steroid Biochem 1974; 5:207. Fowler PA, Bhattacharya S, Gromoll J, et al. Maternal smoking and developmental changes in luteinizing hormone (LH) and the LH receptor in the fetal testis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:4688. Burger, H, deKrester, D. The Testis. Raven, New York, 1981. O'Shaughnessy PJ, Morris ID, Huhtaniemi I, et al. Role of androgen and gonadotrophins in the development and function of the Sertoli cells and Leydig cells: data from mutant and genetically modified mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 306:2. O'Shaughnessy PJ, Baker PJ, Johnston H. The foetal Leydig cell-- differentiation, function and regulation. Int J Androl 2006; 29:90.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f34_61_35798

O'Shaughnessy PJ, Morris ID, Huhtaniemi I, et al. Role of androgen and gonadotrophins in the development and function of the Sertoli cells and Leydig cells: data from mutant and genetically modified mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 306:2. O'Shaughnessy PJ, Baker PJ, Johnston H. The foetal Leydig cell-- differentiation, function and regulation. Int J Androl 2006; 29:90. Ahtiainen P, Rulli SB, Shariatmadari R, et al. Fetal but not adult Leydig cells are susceptible to adenoma formation in response to persistently high hCG level: a study on hCG overexpressing transgenic mice. Oncogene 2005; 24:7301. Payne AH, Jaffe RB. Androgen formation from pregnenolone sulfate by the human fetal ovary. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1974; 39:300. Weniger JP, Chouraqui J, Zeis A. Steroid conversions by the 19-day old foetal rat ovary in organ culture. Biol Chem Hoppe Seyler 1985; 366:555. Raeside JI. Gonadotrophic stimulation of androgen secretion by the early fetal pig ovary in organ culture. Biol Reprod 1983; 28:128. George FW, Wilson JD. Conversion of androgen to estrogen by the human fetal ovary. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1978; 47:550. Forest MG, Cathiard AM. Pattern of plasma testosterone and delta4-androstenedione in normal newborns: Evidence for testicular activity at birth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1975; 41:977. Tapanainen J, Huhtaniemi I, Koivisto M, et al. Hormonal changes during the perinatal period: FSH, prolactin and some steroid hormones in the cord blood and peripheral serum of preterm and fullterm female infants. J Steroid Biochem 1984; 20:1153. Tapanainen J. Hormonal changes during the perinatal period: serum testosterone, some of its precursors, and FSH and prolactin in preterm and fullterm male infant cord blood and during the first week of life. J Steroid Biochem 1983; 18:13. Escobar JC, Patel SS, Beshay VE, et al. The human placenta expresses CYP17 and generates androgens de novo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:1385. Escobar JC, Carr BR. The protein kinase a pathway regulates CYP17 expression and androgen production in the human placenta. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:2869. Edman CD, Toofanian A, MacDonald PC, Gant NF. Placental clearance rate of maternal plasma androstenedione through placental estradiol formation: an indirect method of assessing uteroplacental blood flow. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1981; 141:1029.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f34_61_35798

Escobar JC, Carr BR. The protein kinase a pathway regulates CYP17 expression and androgen production in the human placenta. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:2869. Edman CD, Toofanian A, MacDonald PC, Gant NF. Placental clearance rate of maternal plasma androstenedione through placental estradiol formation: an indirect method of assessing uteroplacental blood flow. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1981; 141:1029. Liu H, Robert A, Luu-The V. Cloning and characterization of human form 2 type 7 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, a primarily 3beta-keto reductase and estrogen activating and androgen inactivating enzyme. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 94:173. Hensleigh PA, Carter RP, Grotjan HE Jr. Fetal protection against masculinization with hyperreactio luteinalis and virilization. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1975; 40:816. Bilowus M, Abbassi V, Gibbons MD. Female pseudohermaphroditism in a neonate born to a mother with polycystic ovarian disease. J Urol 1986; 136:1098. Shozu M, Akasofu K, Harada T, Kubota Y. A new cause of female pseudohermaphroditism: placental aromatase deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991; 72:560. Conte FA, Grumbach MM, Ito Y, et al. A syndrome of female pseudohermaphrodism, hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, and multicystic ovaries associated with missense mutations in the gene encoding aromatase (P450arom). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 78:1287. Nagamani M, Gomez LG, Garza J. In vivo steroid studies in luteoma of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1982; 59:105S. Verkauf BS, Reiter EO, Hernandez L, Burns SA. Virilization of mother and fetus associated with luteoma of pregnancy: a case report with endocrinologic studies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1977; 129:274. Jewelewicz R, Perkins RP, Dyrenfurth I, Vande Wiele RL. Luteomas of pregnancy: a cause for maternal virilization. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1971; 109:24. Topic 7445 Version 3.0 © 2013 UpToDate, Inc. All rights reserved. | Subscription and License Agreement | Release: 21.4 - C21.36 Licensed to: Southeast Alabama Med Ctr | Support Tag: [0604-115.66.252.144-9318902EC1-S244013.14]