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REFERENCES Price VH. Treatment of hair loss. N Engl J Med 1999; 341:964. Paus R, Cotsarelis G. The biology of hair follicles. N Engl J Med 1999; 341:491. Higgins CA, Westgate GE, Jahoda CA. From telogen to exogen: mechanisms underlying formation and subsequent loss of the hair club fiber. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129:2100. Headington JT. Telogen effluvium. New concepts and review. Arch Dermatol 1993; 129:356. Whiting DA. Chronic telogen effluvium. Dermatol Clin 1996; 14:723. Ellis JA, Sinclair R, Harrap SB. Androgenetic alopecia: pathogenesis and potential for therapy. Expert Rev Mol Med 2002; 4:1. Trancik RJ, Spindler JR, Rose S, et al. Incidence of androgenetic alopecia in males 15 to 17 years of age. Poster presented at: 3rd Intercontinental Meeting of the Hair Research Societies June 13-15, 2001, Tokyo. p.127. Setty LR. Hair patterns of scalp of white and Negro males. Am J Phys Anthropol 1970; 33:49. Paik JH, Yoon JB, Sim WY, et al. The prevalence and types of androgenetic alopecia in Korean men and women. Br J Dermatol 2001; 145:95. Küster W, Happle R. The inheritance of common baldness: two B or not two B? J Am Acad Dermatol 1984; 11:921. Ellis JA, Stebbing M, Harrap SB. Genetic analysis of male pattern baldness and the 5alpha-reductase genes. J Invest Dermatol 1998; 110:849. Birch MP, Messenger AG. Genetic factors predispose to balding and non-balding in men. Eur J Dermatol 2001; 11:309. HAMILTON JB. Patterned loss of hair in man; types and incidence. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1951; 53:708. Patterson MN, McPhaul MJ, Hughes IA. Androgen insensitivity syndrome. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 8:379. Kaufman KD. Androgens and alopecia. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2002; 198:89. Imperato-McGinley J, Zhu YS. Androgens and male physiology the syndrome of 5alpha-reductase-2 deficiency. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2002; 198:51. Hamada K, Randall VA. Inhibitory autocrine factors produced by the mesenchyme-derived hair follicle dermal papilla may be a key to male pattern baldness. Br J Dermatol 2006; 154:609. Sawaya ME. Purification of androgen receptors in human sebocytes and hair. J Invest Dermatol 1992; 98:92S. Sawaya ME, Shalita AR. Androgen receptor polymorphisms (CAG repeat lengths) in androgenetic alopecia, hirsutism, and acne. J Cutan Med Surg 1998; 3:9.
Hamada K, Randall VA. Inhibitory autocrine factors produced by the mesenchyme-derived hair follicle dermal papilla may be a key to male pattern baldness. Br J Dermatol 2006; 154:609. Sawaya ME. Purification of androgen receptors in human sebocytes and hair. J Invest Dermatol 1992; 98:92S. Sawaya ME, Shalita AR. Androgen receptor polymorphisms (CAG repeat lengths) in androgenetic alopecia, hirsutism, and acne. J Cutan Med Surg 1998; 3:9. Sawaya ME, Price VH. Different levels of 5alpha-reductase type I and II, aromatase, and androgen receptor in hair follicles of women and men with androgenetic alopecia. J Invest Dermatol 1997; 109:296. Sawaya ME. Steroid chemistry and hormone controls during the hair follicle cycle. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1991; 642:376. Vierhapper H, Nowotny P, Maier H, Waldhäusl W. Production rates of dihydrotestosterone in healthy men and women and in men with male pattern baldness: determination by stable isotope/dilution and mass spectrometry. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86:5762. Schmidt JB, Lindmaier A, Spona J. Hormonal parameters in androgenetic hair loss in the male. Dermatologica 1991; 182:214. Demark-Wahnefried W, Lesko SM, Conaway MR, et al. Serum androgens: associations with prostate cancer risk and hair patterning. J Androl 1997; 18:495. Cipriani R, Ruzza G, Foresta C, et al. Sex hormone-binding globulin and saliva testosterone levels in men with androgenetic alopecia. Br J Dermatol 1983; 109:249. Nyholt DR, Gillespie NA, Heath AC, Martin NG. Genetic basis of male pattern baldness. J Invest Dermatol 2003; 121:1561. Bergfeld WF. Androgenetic alopecia: an autosomal dominant disorder. Am J Med 1995; 98:95S. Hillmer AM, Hanneken S, Ritzmann S, et al. Genetic variation in the human androgen receptor gene is the major determinant of common early-onset androgenetic alopecia. Am J Hum Genet 2005; 77:140. Hillmer AM, Brockschmidt FF, Hanneken S, et al. Susceptibility variants for male-pattern baldness on chromosome 20p11. Nat Genet 2008; 40:1279. Richards JB, Yuan X, Geller F, et al. Male-pattern baldness susceptibility locus at 20p11. Nat Genet 2008; 40:1282. Brockschmidt FF, Heilmann S, Ellis JA, et al. Susceptibility variants on chromosome 7p21.1 suggest HDAC9 as a new candidate gene for male-pattern baldness. Br J Dermatol 2011; 165:1293.
Hillmer AM, Brockschmidt FF, Hanneken S, et al. Susceptibility variants for male-pattern baldness on chromosome 20p11. Nat Genet 2008; 40:1279. Richards JB, Yuan X, Geller F, et al. Male-pattern baldness susceptibility locus at 20p11. Nat Genet 2008; 40:1282. Brockschmidt FF, Heilmann S, Ellis JA, et al. Susceptibility variants on chromosome 7p21.1 suggest HDAC9 as a new candidate gene for male-pattern baldness. Br J Dermatol 2011; 165:1293. Hillmer AM, Flaquer A, Hanneken S, et al. Genome-wide scan and fine-mapping linkage study of androgenetic alopecia reveals a locus on chromosome 3q26. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 82:737. Norwood OT. Incidence of female androgenetic alopecia (female pattern alopecia). Dermatol Surg 2001; 27:53. Inui S. Trichoscopy for common hair loss diseases: algorithmic method for diagnosis. J Dermatol 2011; 38:71. Whiting DA. Possible mechanisms of miniaturization during androgenetic alopecia or pattern hair loss. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001; 45:S81. Whiting DA. Diagnostic and predictive value of horizontal sections of scalp biopsy specimens in male pattern androgenetic alopecia. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993; 28:755. Whiting DA, Reisenauer AK, Parker D, et al.. Disorders of cutaneous appendages. In: Dermatopathology, 3rd ed, Barnhill RL, Crowson AN, Magro CM, et al.. (Eds), McGraw-Hill, 2010. p.215. Horenstein MG, Jacob JS. Follicular streamers (stelae) in scarring and non-scarring alopecia. J Cutan Pathol 2008; 35:1115. Headington JT. Transverse microscopic anatomy of the human scalp. A basis for a morphometric approach to disorders of the hair follicle. Arch Dermatol 1984; 120:449. Cotton SG, Nixon JM, Carpenter RG, Evans DW. Factors discriminating men with coronary heart disease from healthy controls. Br Heart J 1972; 34:458. Hirsso P, Rajala U, Hiltunen L, et al. Obesity and low-grade inflammation among young Finnish men with early-onset alopecia. Dermatology 2007; 214:125. Lesko SM, Rosenberg L, Shapiro S. A case-control study of baldness in relation to myocardial infarction in men. JAMA 1993; 269:998. Lotufo PA, Chae CU, Ajani UA, et al. Male pattern baldness and coronary heart disease: the Physicians' Health Study. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160:165. Arias-Santiago S, Gutiérrez-Salmerón MT, Castellote-Caballero L, et al. Androgenetic alopecia and cardiovascular risk factors in men and women: a comparative study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010; 63:420.
Lotufo PA, Chae CU, Ajani UA, et al. Male pattern baldness and coronary heart disease: the Physicians' Health Study. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160:165. Arias-Santiago S, Gutiérrez-Salmerón MT, Castellote-Caballero L, et al. Androgenetic alopecia and cardiovascular risk factors in men and women: a comparative study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010; 63:420. Schnohr P, Lange P, Nyboe J, et al. Gray hair, baldness, and wrinkles in relation to myocardial infarction: the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Am Heart J 1995; 130:1003. Herrera CR, D'Agostino RB, Gerstman BB, et al. Baldness and coronary heart disease rates in men from the Framingham Study. Am J Epidemiol 1995; 142:828. Hawk E, Breslow RA, Graubard BI. Male pattern baldness and clinical prostate cancer in the epidemiologic follow-up of the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2000; 9:523. Yassa M, Saliou M, De Rycke Y, et al. Male pattern baldness and the risk of prostate cancer. Ann Oncol 2011; 22:1824. Giles GG, Severi G, Sinclair R, et al. Androgenetic alopecia and prostate cancer: findings from an Australian case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002; 11:549. Hsieh CC, Thanos A, Mitropoulos D, et al. Risk factors for prostate cancer: a case-control study in Greece. Int J Cancer 1999; 80:699. Cremers RG, Aben KK, Vermeulen SH, et al. Androgenic alopecia is not useful as an indicator of men at high risk of prostate cancer. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46:3294. Wright JL, Page ST, Lin DW, Stanford JL. Male pattern baldness and prostate cancer risk in a population-based case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol 2010; 34:131. Topic 83783 Version 1.0 © 2013 UpToDate, Inc. All rights reserved. | Subscription and License Agreement | Release: 21.6- C21.56 Licensed to: AsanBook Dig. Med. Lib. | Support Tag: [0604-122.72.76.133-A3347AB727-S244013.14]