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REFERENCES Foster PJ, Johnson GJ. Glaucoma in China: how big is the problem? Br J Ophthalmol 2001; 85:1277. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Primary angle closure, preferred practice pattern. American Academy of Ophthalmology, San Francisco 2005. Pokhrel PK, Loftus SA. Ocular emergencies. Am Fam Physician 2007; 76:829. Traverso CE, Bagnis A, Bricola G. Angle-closure glaucoma. In: Ophthalmology, 2nd ed, Yanoff (Ed), Mosby, 2004. p.1491. Bourne RR, Sørensen KE, Klauber A, et al. Glaucoma in East Greenlandic Inuit--a population survey in Ittoqqortoormiit (Scoresbysund). Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2001; 79:462. Congdon N, Wang F, Tielsch JM. Issues in the epidemiology and population-based screening of primary angle-closure glaucoma. Surv Ophthalmol 1992; 36:411. Congdon NG, Friedman DS. Angle-closure glaucoma: impact, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2003; 14:70. Wang JC, Chew PT. What is the direct cost of treatment of acute primary angle closure glaucoma? The Singapore model. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2004; 32:578. Buhrmann RR, Quigley HA, Barron Y, et al. Prevalence of glaucoma in a rural East African population. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000; 41:40. Bonomi L, Marchini G, Marraffa M, et al. Epidemiology of angle-closure glaucoma: prevalence, clinical types, and association with peripheral anterior chamber depth in the Egna-Neumarket Glaucoma Study. Ophthalmology 2000; 107:998. Leibowitz HM. The red eye. N Engl J Med 2000; 343:345. Wong HT, Lim MC, Sakata LM, et al. High-definition optical coherence tomography imaging of the iridocorneal angle of the eye. Arch Ophthalmol 2009; 127:256. Quigley HA, Silver DM, Friedman DS, et al. Iris cross-sectional area decreases with pupil dilation and its dynamic behavior is a risk factor in angle closure. J Glaucoma 2009; 18:173. Shields SR. Managing eye disease in primary care. Part 3. When to refer for ophthalmologic care. Postgrad Med 2000; 108:99. Quigley HA. Glaucoma. Lancet 2011; 377:1367. Saw SM, Gazzard G, Friedman DS. Interventions for angle-closure glaucoma: an evidence-based update. Ophthalmology 2003; 110:1869. Edwards RS. Behaviour of the fellow eye in acute angle-closure glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol 1982; 66:576. Teekhasaenee C, Ritch R. Combined phacoemulsification and goniosynechialysis for uncontrolled chronic angle-closure glaucoma after acute angle-closure glaucoma. Ophthalmology 1999; 106:669.

Saw SM, Gazzard G, Friedman DS. Interventions for angle-closure glaucoma: an evidence-based update. Ophthalmology 2003; 110:1869. Edwards RS. Behaviour of the fellow eye in acute angle-closure glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol 1982; 66:576. Teekhasaenee C, Ritch R. Combined phacoemulsification and goniosynechialysis for uncontrolled chronic angle-closure glaucoma after acute angle-closure glaucoma. Ophthalmology 1999; 106:669. Lai JS, Tham CC, Chan JC. The clinical outcomes of cataract extraction by phacoemulsification in eyes with primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) and co-existing cataract: a prospective case series. J Glaucoma 2006; 15:47. Friedman DS, Vedula SS. Lens extraction for chronic angle-closure glaucoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; :CD005555. Lam DS, Leung DY, Tham CC, et al. Randomized trial of early phacoemulsification versus peripheral iridotomy to prevent intraocular pressure rise after acute primary angle closure. Ophthalmology 2008; 115:1134. Topic 6903 Version 9.0 © 2013 UpToDate, Inc. All rights reserved. | Subscription and License Agreement | Release: 21.6- C21.56 Licensed to: AsanBook Dig. Med. Lib. | Support Tag: [1004-61.234.146.186-4FB60DB4AC-S244013.14]

©2013 UpToDate ® Print Email Acute angle-closure glaucoma The pupillary margin blocks the passage of aqueous from the posterior chamber to the anterior chamber (pupillary block), ballooning the iris forward (iris bombe), causing the iris root to occlude the trabecular meshwork and completely obstruct drainage of aqueous fluid from the anterior chamber (angle closure). The resulting rapid elevation of intraocular pressure requires urgent intervention to prevent permanent visual loss. Reproduced with permission from: Trobe JD. The Physician's Guide to Eye Care. Foundation of the American Academy of Ophthalmology, San Francisco, 2001. p.158. Copyright © American Academy of Ophthalmology.