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REFERENCES Baquero F, García-Rodríguez JA, de Lomas JG, Aguilar L. Antimicrobial resistance of 914 beta-hemolytic streptococci isolated from pharyngeal swabs in Spain: results of a 1-year (1996-1997) multicenter surveillance study. The Spanish Surveillance Group for Respiratory Pathogens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43:178. Cornaglia G, Ligozzi M, Mazzariol A, et al. Resistance of Streptococcus pyogenes to erythromycin and related antibiotics in Italy. The Italian Surveillance Group for Antimicrobial Resistance. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 27 Suppl 1:S87. Woodin KA, Lee LH, Pichichero ME. Milder symptoms occur in recurrent episodes of streptococcal infection. Am J Dis Child 1991; 145:389. Pichichero ME, Hoeger W, Marsocci SM, et al. Variables influencing penicillin treatment outcome in streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1999; 153:565. Pichichero ME, Marsocci SM, Murphy ML, et al. Incidence of streptococcal carriers in private pediatric practice. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1999; 153:624. Pichichero ME, Disney FA, Talpey WB, et al. Adverse and beneficial effects of immediate treatment of Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis with penicillin. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1987; 6:635. el-Daher NT, Hijazi SS, Rawashdeh NM, et al. Immediate vs. delayed treatment of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis with penicillin V. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1991; 10:126. Zahr SR, Kasse AS, Abou-Shleib H, et al. Differences in serum penicillin concentrations following intramuscular injection on benzathine penicillin G (BPG) from different manufacturers. J Pharmacol Med 1992; 2:17. Pichichero ME. Group A streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis: cost-effective diagnosis and treatment. Ann Emerg Med 1995; 25:390. Pichichero ME. Controversies in the treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis. Am Fam Physician 1990; 42:1567. Pichichero ME, Margolis PA. A comparison of cephalosporins and penicillins in the treatment of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis: a meta-analysis supporting the concept of microbial copathogenicity. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1991; 10:275. Brook I, Gober AE. Role of bacterial interference and beta-lactamase-producing bacteria in the failure of penicillin to eradicate group A streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1995; 121:1405.

Pichichero ME, Margolis PA. A comparison of cephalosporins and penicillins in the treatment of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis: a meta-analysis supporting the concept of microbial copathogenicity. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1991; 10:275. Brook I, Gober AE. Role of bacterial interference and beta-lactamase-producing bacteria in the failure of penicillin to eradicate group A streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1995; 121:1405. Roos K, Grahn E, Holm SE, et al. Interfering alpha-streptococci as a protection against recurrent streptococcal tonsillitis in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1993; 25:141. Roos K, Holm SE, Grahn E, Lind L. Alpha-streptococci as supplementary treatment of recurrent streptococcal tonsillitis: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Scand J Infect Dis 1993; 25:31. Lafontaine ER, Wall D, Vanlerberg SL, et al. Moraxella catarrhalis coaggregates with Streptococcus pyogenes and modulates interactions of S. pyogenes with human epithelial cells. Infect Immun 2004; 72:6689. Brook I, Gober AE. Recovery of interfering and beta-lactamase-producing bacteria from group A beta-haemolytic streptococci carriers and non-carriers. J Med Microbiol 2006; 55:1741. Kaplan EL. The group A streptococcal upper respiratory tract carrier state: an enigma. J Pediatr 1980; 97:337. Shaikh N, Leonard E, Martin JM. Prevalence of streptococcal pharyngitis and streptococcal carriage in children: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2010; 126:e557. Neeman R, Keller N, Barzilai A, et al. Prevalence of internalisation-associated gene, prtF1, among persisting group-A streptococcus strains isolated from asymptomatic carriers. Lancet 1998; 352:1974. Facinelli B, Spinaci C, Magi G, et al. Association between erythromycin resistance and ability to enter human respiratory cells in group A streptococci. Lancet 2001; 358:30. Davies HD, McGeer A, Schwartz B, et al. Invasive group A streptococcal infections in Ontario, Canada. Ontario Group A Streptococcal Study Group. N Engl J Med 1996; 335:547. Martin JM, Green M, Barbadora KA, Wald ER. Group A streptococci among school-aged children: clinical characteristics and the carrier state. Pediatrics 2004; 114:1212. Topic 8050 Version 5.0

Davies HD, McGeer A, Schwartz B, et al. Invasive group A streptococcal infections in Ontario, Canada. Ontario Group A Streptococcal Study Group. N Engl J Med 1996; 335:547. Martin JM, Green M, Barbadora KA, Wald ER. Group A streptococci among school-aged children: clinical characteristics and the carrier state. Pediatrics 2004; 114:1212. Topic 8050 Version 5.0 © 2013 UpToDate, Inc. All rights reserved. | Subscription and License Agreement | Release: 21.6- C21.56 Licensed to: AsanBook Dig. Med. Lib. | Support Tag: [1003-190.81.197.98-4327E6E395-S244013.14]