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referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f2_4_2121

REFERENCES Maki DG, Kluger DM, Crnich CJ. The risk of bloodstream infection in adults with different intravascular devices: a systematic review of 200 published prospective studies. Mayo Clin Proc 2006; 81:1159. O'Grady NP, Alexander M, Burns LA, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 52:e162. Messing B, Peitra-Cohen S, Debure A, et al. Antibiotic-lock technique: a new approach to optimal therapy for catheter-related sepsis in home-parenteral nutrition patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1988; 12:185. Messing B. Catheter-sepsis during home parenteral nutrition: use of the antibiotic-lock technique. Nutrition 1998; 14:466. Raad I, Davis S, Khan A, et al. Impact of central venous catheter removal on the recurrence of catheter-related coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremia. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1992; 13:215. Gaillard JL, Merlino R, Pajot N, et al. Conventional and nonconventional modes of vancomycin administration to decontaminate the internal surface of catheters colonized with coagulase-negative staphylococci. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1990; 14:593. Pascual A, Ramirez de Arellano E, Martínez Martínez L, Perea EJ. Effect of polyurethane catheters and bacterial biofilms on the in-vitro activity of antimicrobials against Staphylococcus epidermidis. J Hosp Infect 1993; 24:211. Raad I, Costerton W, Sabharwal U, et al. Ultrastructural analysis of indwelling vascular catheters: a quantitative relationship between luminal colonization and duration of placement. J Infect Dis 1993; 168:400. Carratalà J. The antibiotic-lock technique for therapy of 'highly needed' infected catheters. Clin Microbiol Infect 2002; 8:282. Saxena AK, Panhotra BR, Naguib M. Sudden irreversible sensory-neural hearing loss in a patient with diabetes receiving amikacin as an antibiotic-heparin lock. Pharmacotherapy 2002; 22:105. Karaaslan H, Peyronnet P, Benevent D, et al. Risk of heparin lock-related bleeding when using indwelling venous catheter in haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001; 16:2072. Mermel LA, Allon M, Bouza E, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intravascular catheter-related infection: 2009 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 49:1.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f2_4_2121

Karaaslan H, Peyronnet P, Benevent D, et al. Risk of heparin lock-related bleeding when using indwelling venous catheter in haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001; 16:2072. Mermel LA, Allon M, Bouza E, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intravascular catheter-related infection: 2009 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 49:1. Fowler VG Jr, Justice A, Moore C, et al. Risk factors for hematogenous complications of intravascular catheter-associated Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40:695. Kassar R, Hachem R, Jiang Y, et al. Management of Bacillus bacteremia: the need for catheter removal. Medicine (Baltimore) 2009; 88:279. Ramos ER, Hachem R, Youssef S, et al. The crucial role of catheters in micrococcal bloodstream infections in cancer patients. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009; 30:83. Krishnasami Z, Carlton D, Bimbo L, et al. Management of hemodialysis catheter-related bacteremia with an adjunctive antibiotic lock solution. Kidney Int 2002; 61:1136. Capdevila JA, Segarra A, Planes AM, et al. Successful treatment of haemodialysis catheter-related sepsis without catheter removal. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1993; 8:231. Boorgu R, Dubrow AJ, Levin NW, et al. Adjunctive antibiotic/anticoagulant lock therapy in the treatment of bacteremia associated with the use of a subcutaneously implanted hemodialysis access device. ASAIO J 2000; 46:767. Poole CV, Carlton D, Bimbo L, Allon M. Treatment of catheter-related bacteraemia with an antibiotic lock protocol: effect of bacterial pathogen. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19:1237. Maya ID, Carlton D, Estrada E, Allon M. Treatment of dialysis catheter-related Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia with an antibiotic lock: a quality improvement report. Am J Kidney Dis 2007; 50:289. Aslam S, Trautner BW, Ramanathan V, Darouiche RO. Pilot trial of N-acetylcysteine and tigecycline as a catheter-lock solution for treatment of hemodialysis catheter-associated bacteremia. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008; 29:894. Peterson WJ, Maya ID, Carlton D, et al. Treatment of dialysis catheter-related Enterococcus bacteremia with an antibiotic lock: a quality improvement report. Am J Kidney Dis 2009; 53:107.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f2_4_2121

Aslam S, Trautner BW, Ramanathan V, Darouiche RO. Pilot trial of N-acetylcysteine and tigecycline as a catheter-lock solution for treatment of hemodialysis catheter-associated bacteremia. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008; 29:894. Peterson WJ, Maya ID, Carlton D, et al. Treatment of dialysis catheter-related Enterococcus bacteremia with an antibiotic lock: a quality improvement report. Am J Kidney Dis 2009; 53:107. Messing B, Man F, Colimon R, et al. Antibiotic-lock technique is an effective treatment of bacterial catheter-related sepsis during parenteral nutrition. Clin Nutr 1990; 9:220. Williams N, Carlson GL, Scott NA, Irving MH. Incidence and management of catheter-related sepsis in patients receiving home parenteral nutrition. Br J Surg 1994; 81:392. Krzywda EA, Andris DA, Edmiston CE Jr, Quebbeman EJ. Treatment of Hickman catheter sepsis using antibiotic lock technique. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1995; 16:596. Benoit JL, Carandang G, Sitrin M, Arnow PM. Intraluminal antibiotic treatment of central venous catheter infections in patients receiving parenteral nutrition at home. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21:1286. Reimund JM, Arondel Y, Finck G, et al. Catheter-related infection in patients on home parenteral nutrition: results of a prospective survey. Clin Nutr 2002; 21:33. Viale P, Pagani L, Petrosillo N, et al. Antibiotic lock-technique for the treatment of catheter-related bloodstream infections. J Chemother 2003; 15:152. Sánchez-Muñoz A, Aguado JM, López-Martín A, et al. Usefulness of antibiotic-lock technique in management of oncology patients with uncomplicated bacteremia related to tunneled catheters. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2005; 24:291. Rijnders BJ, Van Wijngaerden E, Vandecasteele SJ, et al. Treatment of long-term intravascular catheter-related bacteraemia with antibiotic lock: randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005; 55:90. Fernandez-Hidalgo N, Almirante B, Calleja R, et al. Antibiotic-lock therapy for long-term intravascular catheter-related bacteraemia: results of an open, non-comparative study. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006; 57:1172. Fortún J, Grill F, Martín-Dávila P, et al. Treatment of long-term intravascular catheter-related bacteraemia with antibiotic-lock therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006; 58:816. Rao JS, O'Meara A, Harvey T, Breatnach F. A new approach to the management of Broviac catheter infection. J Hosp Infect 1992; 22:109.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f2_4_2121

Fernandez-Hidalgo N, Almirante B, Calleja R, et al. Antibiotic-lock therapy for long-term intravascular catheter-related bacteraemia: results of an open, non-comparative study. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006; 57:1172. Fortún J, Grill F, Martín-Dávila P, et al. Treatment of long-term intravascular catheter-related bacteraemia with antibiotic-lock therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006; 58:816. Rao JS, O'Meara A, Harvey T, Breatnach F. A new approach to the management of Broviac catheter infection. J Hosp Infect 1992; 22:109. Johnson DC, Johnson FL, Goldman S. Preliminary results treating persistent central venous catheter infections with the antibiotic lock technique in pediatric patients. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1994; 13:930. Megged O, Shalit I, Yaniv I, et al. Outcome of antibiotic lock technique for persistent central venous catheter-associated coagulase-negative Staphylococcus bacteremia in children. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 29:157. Longuet P, Douard MC, Arlet G, et al. Venous access port--related bacteremia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or cancer: the reservoir as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32:1776. Del Pozo JL, Alonso M, Serrera A, et al. Effectiveness of the antibiotic lock therapy for the treatment of port-related enterococci, Gram-negative, or Gram-positive bacilli bloodstream infections. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2009; 63:208. Del Pozo JL, García Cenoz M, Hernáez S, et al. Effectiveness of teicoplanin versus vancomycin lock therapy in the treatment of port-related coagulase-negative staphylococci bacteraemia: a prospective case-series analysis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009; 34:482. Funalleras G, Fernández-Hidalgo N, Borrego A, et al. Effectiveness of antibiotic-lock therapy for long-term catheter-related bacteremia due to Gram-negative bacilli: a prospective observational study. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 53:e129. O'Horo JC, Silva GL, Safdar N. Anti-infective locks for treatment of central line-associated bloodstream infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Nephrol 2011; 34:415. Viale P, Stefani S. Vascular catheter-associated infections: a microbiological and therapeutic update. J Chemother 2006; 18:235. Henrickson KJ, Powell KR, Schwartz CL. A dilute solution of vancomycin and heparin retains antibacterial and anticoagulant activities. J Infect Dis 1988; 157:600.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f2_4_2121

O'Horo JC, Silva GL, Safdar N. Anti-infective locks for treatment of central line-associated bloodstream infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Nephrol 2011; 34:415. Viale P, Stefani S. Vascular catheter-associated infections: a microbiological and therapeutic update. J Chemother 2006; 18:235. Henrickson KJ, Powell KR, Schwartz CL. A dilute solution of vancomycin and heparin retains antibacterial and anticoagulant activities. J Infect Dis 1988; 157:600. Henrickson KJ, Dunne WM Jr. Modification of central venous catheter flush solution improves in vitro antimicrobial activity. J Infect Dis 1992; 166:944. Bookstaver PB, Williamson JC, Tucker BK, et al. Activity of novel antibiotic lock solutions in a model against isolates of catheter-related bloodstream infections. Ann Pharmacother 2009; 43:210. Vercaigne LM, Sitar DS, Penner SB, et al. Antibiotic-heparin lock: in vitro antibiotic stability combined with heparin in a central venous catheter. Pharmacotherapy 2000; 20:394. Vercaigne LM, Zelenitsky SA, Findlay I, et al. An in vitro evaluation of the antibiotic/heparin lock to sterilize central venous haemodialysis catheters. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002; 49:693. LaPlante KL, Mermel LA. In vitro activity of daptomycin and vancomycin lock solutions on staphylococcal biofilms in a central venous catheter model. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007; 22:2239. Andris DA, Krzywda EA, Edmiston CE, et al. Elimination of intraluminal colonization by antibiotic lock in silicone vascular catheters. Nutrition 1998; 14:427. Lee JY, Ko KS, Peck KR, et al. In vitro evaluation of the antibiotic lock technique (ALT) for the treatment of catheter-related infections caused by staphylococci. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006; 57:1110. Lee MY, Ko KS, Song JH, Peck KR. In vitro effectiveness of the antibiotic lock technique (ALT) for the treatment of catheter-related infections by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007; 60:782. Raad I, Hanna H, Jiang Y, et al. Comparative activities of daptomycin, linezolid, and tigecycline against catheter-related methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus bacteremic isolates embedded in biofilm. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:1656. Aslam S, Trautner BW, Ramanathan V, Darouiche RO. Combination of tigecycline and N-acetylcysteine reduces biofilm-embedded bacteria on vascular catheters. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:1556.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f2_4_2121

Raad I, Hanna H, Jiang Y, et al. Comparative activities of daptomycin, linezolid, and tigecycline against catheter-related methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus bacteremic isolates embedded in biofilm. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:1656. Aslam S, Trautner BW, Ramanathan V, Darouiche RO. Combination of tigecycline and N-acetylcysteine reduces biofilm-embedded bacteria on vascular catheters. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:1556. von Eiff C, Jansen B, Kohnen W, Becker K. Infections associated with medical devices: pathogenesis, management and prophylaxis. Drugs 2005; 65:179. Kim EY, Saunders P, Yousefzadeh N. Usefulness of anti-infective lock solutions for catheter-related bloodstream infections. Mt Sinai J Med 2010; 77:549. Anthony TU, Rubin LG. Stability of antibiotics used for antibiotic-lock treatment of infections of implantable venous devices (ports). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43:2074. Droste JC, Jeraj HA, MacDonald A, Farrington K. Stability and in vitro efficacy of antibiotic-heparin lock solutions potentially useful for treatment of central venous catheter-related sepsis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003; 51:849. Robinson JL, Tawfik G, Saxinger L, et al. Stability of heparin and physical compatibility of heparin/antibiotic solutions in concentrations appropriate for antibiotic lock therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005; 56:951. Shanks RM, Donegan NP, Graber ML, et al. Heparin stimulates Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation. Infect Immun 2005; 73:4596. Shanks RM, Sargent JL, Martinez RM, et al. Catheter lock solutions influence staphylococcal biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006; 21:2247. Sauer K, Steczko J, Ash SR. Effect of a solution containing citrate/Methylene Blue/parabens on Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and biofilm, and comparison with various heparin solutions. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 63:937. file://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00614679?term=antibiotic+lock+and+tigecycline&rank=1 (Accessed on September 09, 2010). Onland W, Shin CE, Fustar S, et al. Ethanol-lock technique for persistent bacteremia of long-term intravascular devices in pediatric patients. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2006; 160:1049. Broom J, Woods M, Allworth A, et al. Ethanol lock therapy to treat tunnelled central venous catheter-associated blood stream infections: results from a prospective trial. Scand J Infect Dis 2008; 40:399.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f2_4_2121

Onland W, Shin CE, Fustar S, et al. Ethanol-lock technique for persistent bacteremia of long-term intravascular devices in pediatric patients. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2006; 160:1049. Broom J, Woods M, Allworth A, et al. Ethanol lock therapy to treat tunnelled central venous catheter-associated blood stream infections: results from a prospective trial. Scand J Infect Dis 2008; 40:399. Dannenberg C, Bierbach U, Rothe A, et al. Ethanol-lock technique in the treatment of bloodstream infections in pediatric oncology patients with broviac catheter. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2003; 25:616. Valentine KM. Ethanol lock therapy for catheter-associated blood stream infections in a pediatric intensive care unit. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2011; 12:e292. Soriano A, Bregada E, Marqués JM, et al. Decreasing gradient of antibiotic concentration in the lumen of catheters locked with vancomycin. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 26:659. Topic 13982 Version 2.0 © 2013 UpToDate, Inc. All rights reserved. | Subscription and License Agreement | Release: 21.6- C21.56 Licensed to: AsanBook Dig. Med. Lib. | Support Tag: [0604-115.25.216.6-A93D27A9D4-S244013.14]