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REFERENCES Beveridge RC, Grunfeld AF, Hodder RV, Verbeek PR. Guidelines for the emergency management of asthma in adults. CAEP/CTS Asthma Advisory Committee. Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians and the Canadian Thoracic Society. CMAJ 1996; 155:25. National Asthma Education and Prevention Program: Expert Panel Report III: Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. Bethesda, MD. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2007. (NIH publication no. 08-4051) www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/asthma/asthgdln.htm (Accessed on September 01, 2007). Richardson JB. Nerve supply to the lungs. Am Rev Respir Dis 1979; 119:785. Barnes PJ, Basbaum CB, Nadel JA. Autoradiographic localization of autonomic receptors in airway smooth muscle. Marked differences between large and small airways. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983; 127:758. Barnes PJ, Minette P, Maclagan J. Muscarinic receptor subtypes in airways. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1988; 9:412. Doods HN. Selective muscarinic antagonists as bronchodilators. Agents Actions Suppl 1991; 34:117. Barnes PJ. Muscarinic receptors in airways: recent developments. J Appl Physiol 1990; 68:1777. Jones CA, Madison JM, Tom-Moy M, Brown JK. Muscarinic cholinergic inhibition of adenylate cyclase in airway smooth muscle. Am J Physiol 1987; 253:C97. Barnes PJ. Muscarinic receptor subtypes in airways. Life Sci 1993; 52:521. Bell JA, Bluestein BM, Danta I, Wanner A. Effect of inhaled ipratropium bromide on tracheal mucociliary transport in bronchial asthma. Mt Sinai J Med 1984; 51:215. Taylor RG, Pavia D, Agnew JE, et al. Effect of four weeks' high dose ipratropium bromide treatment on lung mucociliary clearance. Thorax 1986; 41:295. Francis RA, Thompson ML, Pavia D, Douglas RB. Ipratropium bromide: mucociliary clearance rate and airway resistance in normal subjects. Br J Dis Chest 1977; 71:173. Ruffin RE, Wolff RK, Dolovich MB, et al. Aerosol therapy with Sch 1000. Short-term mucociliary clearance in normal and bronchitic subjects and toxicology in normal subjects. Chest 1978; 73:501. Pavia D, Bateman JR, Sheahan NF, Clarke SW. Effect of ipratropium bromide on mucociliary clearance and pulmonary function in reversible airways obstruction. Thorax 1979; 34:501.
Ruffin RE, Wolff RK, Dolovich MB, et al. Aerosol therapy with Sch 1000. Short-term mucociliary clearance in normal and bronchitic subjects and toxicology in normal subjects. Chest 1978; 73:501. Pavia D, Bateman JR, Sheahan NF, Clarke SW. Effect of ipratropium bromide on mucociliary clearance and pulmonary function in reversible airways obstruction. Thorax 1979; 34:501. Howarth PH, Durham SR, Lee TH, et al. Influence of albuterol, cromolyn sodium and ipratropium bromide on the airway and circulating mediator responses to allergen bronchial provocation in asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 132:986. Kalser SC. The fate of atropine in man. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1971; 179:667. Deckers W. The chemistry of new derivatives of tropane alkaloids and the pharmacokinetics of a new quarternary compound. Postgrad Med J 1975; 51:76. Gross NJ, Skorodin MS. Anticholinergic, antimuscarinic bronchodilators. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984; 129:856. Gross NJ. The use of anticholinergic agents in the treatment of airways disease. Clin Chest Med 1988; 9:591. Ruffin RE, Fitzgerald JD, Rebuck AS. A comparison of the bronchodilator activity of Sch 1000 and salbutamol. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1977; 59:136. Ziment I, Au JP. Respiratory pharmacology. Anticholinergic agents. Clin Chest Med 1986; 7:355. Atrovent Inhalation Solution Product Monograph. Boehringer Ingelheim Inc. Kalra L, Bone MF. The effect of nebulized bronchodilator therapy on intraocular pressures in patients with glaucoma. Chest 1988; 93:739. Calverley PMA. Pharmacology of bronchodilators used in obstructive airways disease. In: The Role of Anticholinergics in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Chronic Asthma, Barnes PJ, Buist AS (Eds), Gardiner-Caldwell Communication Limited, Cheshire UK 1997. p.72. Rodrigo GJ, Rodrigo C. First-line therapy for adult patients with acute asthma receiving a multiple-dose protocol of ipratropium bromide plus albuterol in the emergency department. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161:1862. Rodrigo GJ, Castro-Rodriguez JA. Anticholinergics in the treatment of children and adults with acute asthma: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Thorax 2005; 60:740. Qureshi F, Pestian J, Davis P, Zaritsky A. Effect of nebulized ipratropium on the hospitalization rates of children with asthma. N Engl J Med 1998; 339:1030.
Rodrigo GJ, Castro-Rodriguez JA. Anticholinergics in the treatment of children and adults with acute asthma: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Thorax 2005; 60:740. Qureshi F, Pestian J, Davis P, Zaritsky A. Effect of nebulized ipratropium on the hospitalization rates of children with asthma. N Engl J Med 1998; 339:1030. Zorc JJ, Pusic MV, Ogborn CJ, et al. Ipratropium bromide added to asthma treatment in the pediatric emergency department. Pediatrics 1999; 103:748. Plotnick LH, Ducharme FM. Combined inhaled anticholinergic agents and beta-2-agonists for initial treatment of acute asthma in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000; :CD000060. Kumaratne M, Gunawardane G. Addition of ipratropium to nebulized albuterol in children with acute asthma presenting to a pediatric office. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2003; 42:127. Topic 534 Version 4.0 © 2013 UpToDate, Inc. All rights reserved. | Subscription and License Agreement | Release: 21.6- C21.56 Licensed to: AsanBook Dig. Med. Lib. | Support Tag: [1005-122.72.76.133-C1CDB4E621-S244013.14]