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©2013 UpToDate ® Email Phonocardiogram of aortic regurgitation as heard at the lower left sternal border Carotid artery pulse tracing and phonocardiogram of aortic regurgitation as heard at the fourth left intercostal space. S1 (mitral and tricuspid valve closure) is followed by a short mid systolic ejection murmur resulting from the large stroke volume seen in aortic regurgitation. Following S2 (aortic and pulmonic valve closure) there is a holodiastolic blowing murmur of aortic regurgitation (AR). Provided by John M Criley, MD, The Physiological Origins of Heart Sounds and Murmurs, Little, Brown, Boston, 1996, 1-800-527-0145. This program contains a complete interactive tutorial integrating over 200 heart sounds and murmurs with cineangiographic, echo-Doppler, and hemodynamic motion picture sequences.