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Walk the Even Hospital Database by book and chapter — the raw source passages that ground Ask, DDx, and the rest.
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©2013 UpToDate ® Print Email Multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of dyspnea Minimize production of symptom Exercise training (lower- or upper-limb endurance training, neuroelectrical muscle stimulation) Breathing techniques (pursed-lips breathing, diaphragmatic breathing) Maximize nutrition Supplemental oxygen Diminish perception of symptom Fan blowing cool air on face Distraction strategies (imagery, cognitive-behavioral therapy, acupuncture, music, guided imagery) Stimulation of respiratory afferent nerves (chest wall vibration) Pharmacotherapy (opioids) Reduce the impact of symptom Energy conservation (advance activity planning, attention to posture and ergonomics) Accommodation strategies (change in living arrangement, altered activities, frequent rests) Modify the experience of the symptom Action plan for exacerbations Address patient's interpretation of symptom meaning If present, treat associated mood/anxiety disorder