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referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f42_55_43897

REFERENCES Fine KD, Schiller LR. AGA technical review on the evaluation and management of chronic diarrhea. Gastroenterology 1999; 116:1464. Talley NJ, O'Keefe EA, Zinsmeister AR, Melton LJ 3rd. Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms in the elderly: a population-based study. Gastroenterology 1992; 102:895. Talley NJ, Zinsmeister AR, Van Dyke C, Melton LJ 3rd. Epidemiology of colonic symptoms and the irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 1991; 101:927. Talley NJ, Weaver AL, Zinsmeister AR, Melton LJ 3rd. Onset and disappearance of gastrointestinal symptoms and functional gastrointestinal disorders. Am J Epidemiol 1992; 136:165. Sandler RS, Stewart WF, Liberman JN, et al. Abdominal pain, bloating, and diarrhea in the United States: prevalence and impact. Dig Dis Sci 2000; 45:1166. Everhart JE (Ed). Digestive Disease in the United States: Epidemiology and impact. NIH Publ 94-1447. Bethesda, MD: National Instiutues of Health, 1994. Lubeck DP, Bennett CL, Mazonson PD, et al. Quality of life and health service use among HIV-infected patients with chronic diarrhea. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1993; 6:478. Watson A, Samore MH, Wanke CA. Diarrhea and quality of life in ambulatory HIV-infected patients. Dig Dis Sci 1996; 41:1794. Longstreth GF, Thompson WG, Chey WD, et al. Functional bowel disorders. Gastroenterology 2006; 130:1480. Sauter GH, Moussavian AC, Meyer G, et al. Bowel habits and bile acid malabsorption in the months after cholecystectomy. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97:1732. Fort JM, Azpiroz F, Casellas F, et al. Bowel habit after cholecystectomy: physiological changes and clinical implications. Gastroenterology 1996; 111:617. Ros E, Zambon D. Postcholecystectomy symptoms. A prospective study of gall stone patients before and two years after surgery. Gut 1987; 28:1500. Wilson RG, Macintyre IM. Symptomatic outcome after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Br J Surg 1993; 80:439. Arlow FL, Dekovich AA, Priest RJ, Beher WT. Bile acid-mediated postcholecystectomy diarrhea. Arch Intern Med 1987; 147:1327. Breuer NF, Jaekel S, Dommes P, Goebell H. Fecal bile acid excretion pattern in cholecystectomized patients. Dig Dis Sci 1986; 31:953. Schiller LR. Chronic Diarrhea. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol 2005; 8:259. Bryant DA, Mintz ED, Puhr ND, et al. Colonic epithelial lymphocytosis associated with an epidemic of chronic diarrhea. Am J Surg Pathol 1996; 20:1102.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f42_55_43897

Breuer NF, Jaekel S, Dommes P, Goebell H. Fecal bile acid excretion pattern in cholecystectomized patients. Dig Dis Sci 1986; 31:953. Schiller LR. Chronic Diarrhea. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol 2005; 8:259. Bryant DA, Mintz ED, Puhr ND, et al. Colonic epithelial lymphocytosis associated with an epidemic of chronic diarrhea. Am J Surg Pathol 1996; 20:1102. Janda RC, Conklin JL, Mitros FA, Parsonnet J. Multifocal colitis associated with an epidemic of chronic diarrhea. Gastroenterology 1991; 100:458. Mintz ED, Weber JT, Guris D, et al. An outbreak of Brainerd diarrhea among travelers to the Galapagos Islands. J Infect Dis 1998; 177:1041. Osterholm MT, MacDonald KL, White KE, et al. An outbreak of a newly recognized chronic diarrhea syndrome associated with raw milk consumption. JAMA 1986; 256:484. Vugia DJ, Abbott S, Mintz ED, et al. A restaurant-associated outbreak of Brainerd diarrhea in California. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 43:62. Kimura AC, Mead P, Walsh B, et al. A large outbreak of Brainerd diarrhea associated with a restaurant in the Red River Valley, Texas. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 43:55. Hellmig S, Ott S, Musfeldt M, et al. Life-threatening chronic enteritis due to colonization of the small bowel with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Gastroenterology 2005; 129:706. Friedman M, Ramsay DB, Borum ML. An unusual case report of small bowel Candida overgrowth as a cause of diarrhea and review of the literature. Dig Dis Sci 2007; 52:679. Bertomeu A, Ros E, Barragán V, et al. Chronic diarrhea with normal stool and colonic examinations: organic or functional? J Clin Gastroenterol 1991; 13:531. Eherer AJ, Fordtran JS. Fecal osmotic gap and pH in experimental diarrhea of various causes. Gastroenterology 1992; 103:545. Habba SF. Chronic diarrhea: identifying a new syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95:2140. Schoepfer AM, Trummler M, Seeholzer P, et al. Accuracy of four fecal assays in the diagnosis of colitis. Dis Colon Rectum 2007; 50:1697. Chitkara YK, McCasland KA, Kenefic L. Development and implementation of cost-effective guidelines in the laboratory investigation of diarrhea in a community hospital. Arch Intern Med 1996; 156:1445. Stoll BJ, Glass RI, Banu H, et al. Value of stool examination in patients with diarrhoea. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1983; 286:2037. Siegel D, Cohen PT, Neighbor M, et al. Predictive value of stool examination in acute diarrhea. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1987; 111:715.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f42_55_43897

Chitkara YK, McCasland KA, Kenefic L. Development and implementation of cost-effective guidelines in the laboratory investigation of diarrhea in a community hospital. Arch Intern Med 1996; 156:1445. Stoll BJ, Glass RI, Banu H, et al. Value of stool examination in patients with diarrhoea. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1983; 286:2037. Siegel D, Cohen PT, Neighbor M, et al. Predictive value of stool examination in acute diarrhea. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1987; 111:715. Huicho L, Sanchez D, Contreras M, et al. Occult blood and fecal leukocytes as screening tests in childhood infectious diarrhea: an old problem revisited. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1993; 12:474. Poullis A, Foster R, Mendall MA, Fagerhol MK. Emerging role of calprotectin in gastroenterology. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003; 18:756. van Rheenen PF, Van de Vijver E, Fidler V. Faecal calprotectin for screening of patients with suspected inflammatory bowel disease: diagnostic meta-analysis. BMJ 2010; 341:c3369. Kristinsson J, Nygaard K, Aadland E, et al. Screening of first degree relatives of patients operated for colorectal cancer: evaluation of fecal calprotectin vs. hemoccult II. Digestion 2001; 64:104. Kristinsson J, Armbruster CH, Ugstad M, et al. Fecal excretion of calprotectin in colorectal cancer: relationship to tumor characteristics. Scand J Gastroenterol 2001; 36:202. Limburg PJ, Devens ME, Harrington JJ, et al. Prospective evaluation of fecal calprotectin as a screening biomarker for colorectal neoplasia. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98:2299. Bunn SK, Bisset WM, Main MJ, et al. Fecal calprotectin: validation as a noninvasive measure of bowel inflammation in childhood inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2001; 33:14. Kane SV, Sandborn WJ, Rufo PA, et al. Fecal lactoferrin is a sensitive and specific marker in identifying intestinal inflammation. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98:1309. ASGE Standards of Practice Committee, Shen B, Khan K, et al. The role of endoscopy in the management of patients with diarrhea. Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 71:887. Levin TR, Conell C, Shapiro JA, et al. Complications of screening flexible sigmoidoscopy. Gastroenterology 2002; 123:1786. Korman LY, Overholt BF, Box T, Winker CK. Perforation during colonoscopy in endoscopic ambulatory surgical centers. Gastrointest Endosc 2003; 58:554.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f42_55_43897

ASGE Standards of Practice Committee, Shen B, Khan K, et al. The role of endoscopy in the management of patients with diarrhea. Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 71:887. Levin TR, Conell C, Shapiro JA, et al. Complications of screening flexible sigmoidoscopy. Gastroenterology 2002; 123:1786. Korman LY, Overholt BF, Box T, Winker CK. Perforation during colonoscopy in endoscopic ambulatory surgical centers. Gastrointest Endosc 2003; 58:554. Winawer S, Fletcher R, Rex D, et al. Colorectal cancer screening and surveillance: clinical guidelines and rationale-Update based on new evidence. Gastroenterology 2003; 124:544. Fine KD, Seidel RH, Do K. The prevalence, anatomic distribution, and diagnosis of colonic causes of chronic diarrhea. Gastrointest Endosc 2000; 51:318. Shale MJ, Walters JR, Westaby D. Adequacy of flexible sigmoidoscopy with biopsy for diarrhea in patients under age 50 without features of proximal disease. Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 73:757. Tanaka M, Mazzoleni G, Riddell RH. Distribution of collagenous colitis: utility of flexible sigmoidoscopy. Gut 1992; 33:65. Zins BJ, Tremaine WJ, Carpenter HA. Collagenous colitis: mucosal biopsies and association with fecal leukocytes. Mayo Clin Proc 1995; 70:430. Topic 2591 Version 9.0 © 2013 UpToDate, Inc. All rights reserved. | Subscription and License Agreement | Release: 21.4 - C21.36 Licensed to: Southeast Alabama Med Ctr | Support Tag: [0602-61.234.146.186-23D1513A50-S244013.14]