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REFERENCES Gabow PA. Disorders associated with an altered anion gap. Kidney Int 1985; 27:472. Garibotto G, Sofia A, Robaudo C, et al. Kidney protein dynamics and ammoniagenesis in humans with chronic metabolic acidosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15:1606. Rose, BD, Post, TW. Clinical Physiology of Acid-Base and Electrolyte Disorders, 5th ed, McGraw-Hill, New York 2001. p.583-588. Garella S, Chang BS, Kahn SI. Dilution acidosis and contraction alkalosis: review of a concept. Kidney Int 1975; 8:279. Garella S, Tzamaloukas AH, Chazan JA. Effect of isotonic volume expansion on extracellular bicarbonate stores in normal dogs. Am J Physiol 1973; 225:628. Winter SD, Pearson JR, Gabow PA, et al. The fall of the serum anion gap. Arch Intern Med 1990; 150:311. Bushinsky DA, Coe FL, Katzenberg C, et al. Arterial PCO2 in chronic metabolic acidosis. Kidney Int 1982; 22:311. Wiederseiner JM, Muser J, Lutz T, et al. Acute metabolic acidosis: characterization and diagnosis of the disorder and the plasma potassium response. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15:1589. Pierce NF, Fedson DS, Brigham KL, et al. The ventilatory response to acute base deficit in humans. Time course during development and correction of metabolic acidosis. Ann Intern Med 1970; 72:633. Daniel SR, Morita SY, Yu M, Dzierba A. Uncompensated metabolic acidosis: an underrecognized risk factor for subsequent intubation requirement. J Trauma 2004; 57:993. Kraut JA, Madias NE. Serum anion gap: its uses and limitations in clinical medicine. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 2:162. Feldman M, Soni N, Dickson B. Influence of hypoalbuminemia or hyperalbuminemia on the serum anion gap. J Lab Clin Med 2005; 146:317. Corey HE. Stewart and beyond: new models of acid-base balance. Kidney Int 2003; 64:777. Emmett M. Anion-gap interpretation: the old and the new. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2006; 2:4. Wallia R, Greenberg A, Piraino B, et al. Serum electrolyte patterns in end-stage renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis 1986; 8:98. Gabow PA, Kaehny WD, Fennessey PV, et al. Diagnostic importance of an increased serum anion gap. N Engl J Med 1980; 303:854. Rackow EC, Mecher C, Astiz ME, et al. Unmeasured anion during severe sepsis with metabolic acidosis. Circ Shock 1990; 30:107. Forni LG, McKinnon W, Lord GA, et al. Circulating anions usually associated with the Krebs cycle in patients with metabolic acidosis. Crit Care 2005; 9:R591.
Gabow PA, Kaehny WD, Fennessey PV, et al. Diagnostic importance of an increased serum anion gap. N Engl J Med 1980; 303:854. Rackow EC, Mecher C, Astiz ME, et al. Unmeasured anion during severe sepsis with metabolic acidosis. Circ Shock 1990; 30:107. Forni LG, McKinnon W, Lord GA, et al. Circulating anions usually associated with the Krebs cycle in patients with metabolic acidosis. Crit Care 2005; 9:R591. Forni LG, McKinnon W, Hilton PJ. Unmeasured anions in metabolic acidosis: unravelling the mystery. Crit Care 2006; 10:220. Arieff AI, Carroll HJ. Nonketotic hyperosmolar coma with hyperglycemia: clinical features, pathophysiology, renal function, acid-base balance, plasma-cerebrospinal fluid equilibria and the effects of therapy in 37 cases. Medicine (Baltimore) 1972; 51:73. Dempsey GA, Lyall HJ, Corke CF, Scheinkestel CD. Pyroglutamic acidemia: a cause of high anion gap metabolic acidosis. Crit Care Med 2000; 28:1803. Tailor P, Raman T, Garganta CL, et al. Recurrent high anion gap metabolic acidosis secondary to 5-oxoproline (pyroglutamic acid). Am J Kidney Dis 2005; 46:e4. Fenves AZ, Kirkpatrick HM 3rd, Patel VV, et al. Increased anion gap metabolic acidosis as a result of 5-oxoproline (pyroglutamic acid): a role for acetaminophen. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 1:441. Kortmann W, van Agtmael MA, van Diessen J, et al. 5-Oxoproline as a cause of high anion gap metabolic acidosis: an uncommon cause with common risk factors. Neth J Med 2008; 66:354. Wang F, Butler T, Rabbani GH, Jones PK. The acidosis of cholera. Contributions of hyperproteinemia, lactic acidemia, and hyperphosphatemia to an increased serum anion gap. N Engl J Med 1986; 315:1591. Adrogué HJ, Eknoyan G, Suki WK. Diabetic ketoacidosis: role of the kidney in the acid-base homeostasis re-evaluated. Kidney Int 1984; 25:591. Adrogué HJ, Madias NE. Management of life-threatening acid-base disorders. First of two parts. N Engl J Med 1998; 338:26. Sabatini S, Kurtzman NA. Bicarbonate therapy in severe metabolic acidosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20:692. Rose, BD, Post, TW. Clinical Physiology of Acid-Base and Electrolyte Disorders, 5th ed, McGraw-Hill, New York 2001. p.628-633. Adrogué HJ, Brensilver J, Cohen JJ, Madias NE. Influence of steady-state alterations in acid-base equilibrium on the fate of administered bicarbonate in the dog. J Clin Invest 1983; 71:867.
Sabatini S, Kurtzman NA. Bicarbonate therapy in severe metabolic acidosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20:692. Rose, BD, Post, TW. Clinical Physiology of Acid-Base and Electrolyte Disorders, 5th ed, McGraw-Hill, New York 2001. p.628-633. Adrogué HJ, Brensilver J, Cohen JJ, Madias NE. Influence of steady-state alterations in acid-base equilibrium on the fate of administered bicarbonate in the dog. J Clin Invest 1983; 71:867. Fernandez PC, Cohen RM, Feldman GM. The concept of bicarbonate distribution space: the crucial role of body buffers. Kidney Int 1989; 36:747. Topic 2291 Version 10.0 © 2013 UpToDate, Inc. All rights reserved. | Subscription and License Agreement | Release: 21.4 - C21.36 Licensed to: Southeast Alabama Med Ctr | Support Tag: [0604-118.195.65.248-FDF33D9AD5-S244013.14]