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referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f41_4_42057

REFERENCES Brady M. The child with a limp. J Pediatr Health Care 1993; 7:226. Singer JI. The cause of gait disturbance in 425 pediatric patients. Pediatr Emerg Care 1985; 1:7. Chung SM. Identifying the cause of acute limp in childhood. Some informal comments and observations. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1974; 13:769. Fischer SU, Beattie TF. The limping child: epidemiology, assessment and outcome. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1999; 81:1029. Phillips WA. The child with a limp. Orthop Clin North Am 1987; 18:489. Illingworth CM. 128 limping children with no fracture, sprain, or obvious cause. Seven were found to have Perthes' disease, 76 seemed to have transient synovitis of the hip, and in 45 the cause seemed to be in the ankle or knee. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1978; 17:139. Callanan DL. Causes of refusal to walk in childhood. South Med J 1982; 75:20. Kost, S. Limp. In: Textbook of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, 5th ed, Fleisher, GR, Ludwig, S, Henertig, FM (Eds), Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 2006. p.415. Leung AK, Lemay JF. The limping child. J Pediatr Health Care 2004; 18:219. Leet AI, Skaggs DL. Evaluation of the acutely limping child. Am Fam Physician 2000; 61:1011. Singer J, Towbin R. Occult fractures in the production of gait disturbance in childhood. Pediatrics 1979; 64:192. Dich VQ, Nelson JD, Haltalin KC. Osteomyelitis in infants and children. A review of 163 cases. Am J Dis Child 1975; 129:1273. Lawrence LL. The limping child. Emerg Med Clin North Am 1998; 16:911. Markowitz C, Wynkoop W, Dvonch V. Limping toddlers. Orthopedics 1986; 9:1021. Ozonoff, MB. Pediatric orthopedic radiology, 2nd ed, WB Saunders, Philadelphia 1992. Barkin RM, Barkin SZ, Barkin AZ. The limping child. J Emerg Med 2000; 18:331. Englaro EE, Gelfand MJ, Paltiel HJ. Bone scintigraphy in preschool children with lower extremity pain of unknown origin. J Nucl Med 1992; 33:351. Rogers LF, Poznanski AK. Imaging of epiphyseal injuries. Radiology 1994; 191:297. Chacon D, Kissoon N, Brown T, Galpin R. Use of comparison radiographs in the diagnosis of traumatic injuries of the elbow. Ann Emerg Med 1992; 21:895. Staheli LT. Pain of musculoskeletal origin in children. Curr Opin Rheumatol 1992; 4:748. Singer J. Evaluation of acute and insidious gait disturbance in children less than five years of age. Adv Pediatr 1979; 26:209. Rodríguez-Merchán EC. Effects of hemophilia on articulations of children and adults. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1996; :7.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f41_4_42057

Staheli LT. Pain of musculoskeletal origin in children. Curr Opin Rheumatol 1992; 4:748. Singer J. Evaluation of acute and insidious gait disturbance in children less than five years of age. Adv Pediatr 1979; 26:209. Rodríguez-Merchán EC. Effects of hemophilia on articulations of children and adults. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1996; :7. Staheli LT. Lower llimb. In: Fundamentals of Pediatric Orthopedics, 2nd, Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia 1998. p.29. Sass P, Hassan G. Lower extremity abnormalities in children. Am Fam Physician 2003; 68:461. Moder KG, Hunder GG. Examination of the joints. In: Textbook of Rheumatology, 5th, Kelley WN, Harris ED, Ruddy S, et al (Eds), WB Saunders, Philadelphia 1997. p.364. Slipman CW, Sterenfeld EB, Chou LH, et al. The predictive value of provocative sacroiliac joint stress maneuvers in the diagnosis of sacroiliac joint syndrome. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1998; 79:288. Oudjhane K, Newman B, Oh KS, et al. Occult fractures in preschool children. J Trauma 1988; 28:858. Perry DC, Bruce C. Evaluating the child who presents with an acute limp. BMJ 2010; 341:c4250. Luhmann SJ, Jones A, Schootman M, et al. Differentiation between septic arthritis and transient synovitis of the hip in children with clinical prediction algorithms. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2004; 86-A:956. Kocher MS, Mandiga R, Zurakowski D, et al. Validation of a clinical prediction rule for the differentiation between septic arthritis and transient synovitis of the hip in children. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2004; 86-A:1629. Caird MS, Flynn JM, Leung YL, et al. Factors distinguishing septic arthritis from transient synovitis of the hip in children. A prospective study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2006; 88:1251. McCarthy PL, Wasserman D, Spiesel SZ, et al. Evaluation of arthritis and arthralgia in the pediatric patient. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1980; 19:183. Huttenlocher A, Newman TB. Evaluation of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate in children presenting with limp, fever, or abdominal pain. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1997; 36:339. Del Beccaro MA, Champoux AN, Bockers T, Mendelman PM. Septic arthritis versus transient synovitis of the hip: the value of screening laboratory tests. Ann Emerg Med 1992; 21:1418. Kunnamo I, Kallio P, Pelkonen P, Hovi T. Clinical signs and laboratory tests in the differential diagnosis of arthritis in children. Am J Dis Child 1987; 141:34.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f41_4_42057

Del Beccaro MA, Champoux AN, Bockers T, Mendelman PM. Septic arthritis versus transient synovitis of the hip: the value of screening laboratory tests. Ann Emerg Med 1992; 21:1418. Kunnamo I, Kallio P, Pelkonen P, Hovi T. Clinical signs and laboratory tests in the differential diagnosis of arthritis in children. Am J Dis Child 1987; 141:34. Myers MT, Thompson GH. Imaging the child with a limp. Pediatr Clin North Am 1997; 44:637. Blatt SD, Rosenthal BM, Barnhart DC. Diagnostic utility of lower extremity radiographs of young children with gait disturbance. Pediatrics 1991; 87:138. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness critieria. Limping Child - Ages 0-5 years. file://www.acr.org/~/media/ACR/Documents/AppCriteria/Diagnostic/LimpingChildAges0To5Years.pdf (Accessed on August 06, 2012). McCauley RG, Schwartz AM, Leonidas JC, et al. Comparison views in extremity injury in children: an efficacy study. Radiology 1979; 131:95. Yang WJ, Im SA, Lim GY, et al. MR imaging of transient synovitis: differentiation from septic arthritis. Pediatr Radiol 2006; 36:1154. Kwack KS, Cho JH, Lee JH, et al. Septic arthritis versus transient synovitis of the hip: gadolinium-enhanced MRI finding of decreased perfusion at the femoral epiphysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007; 189:437. Aronson J, Garvin K, Seibert J, et al. Efficiency of the bone scan for occult limping toddlers. J Pediatr Orthop 1992; 12:38. Blumberg K, Patterson RJ. The toddler's cuboid fracture. Radiology 1991; 179:93. Starshak RJ, Simons GW, Sty JR. Occult fracture of the calcaneus--another toddler's fracture. Pediatr Radiol 1984; 14:37. Topic 6458 Version 8.0 © 2013 UpToDate, Inc. All rights reserved. | Subscription and License Agreement | Release: 21.4 - C21.36 Licensed to: Southeast Alabama Med Ctr | Support Tag: [0604-61.55.141.10-0AA24E0359-S244013.14]