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referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f26_55_27511

REFERENCES Salenius P, Vankka E. The development of the tibiofemoral angle in children. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1975; 57:259. Shoenecker PL, Rich MM. The Lower Extremity. In: Lovell and Winter's Pediatric Orthopaedics, 6th ed, Morrissy RT, Weinstein SL (Eds), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 2006. p.1158. Stans AA. Osteomyelitis and septic arthritis. In: Lovell and Winter's Pediatric Orthopaedics, 6th ed, Morrissy RT, Weinstein SL (Eds), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 2006. Cheema JI, Grissom LE, Harcke HT. Radiographic characteristics of lower-extremity bowing in children. Radiographics 2003; 23:871. Kling TF Jr. Angular deformities of the lower limbs in children. Orthop Clin North Am 1987; 18:513. The knee and leg. In: Clinical Pediatric Orthopedics: The Art of Diagnosis and Principles of Management, Tachdjian MO (Ed), Appleton & Lange, Stamford, CT 1997. p.87. Greene WB. Genu varum and genu valgum in children: differential diagnosis and guidelines for evaluation. Compr Ther 1996; 22:22. Scherl SA. Common lower extremity problems in children. Pediatr Rev 2004; 25:52. Blount WP. Tibia vara: Osteochondrosis deformans tibiae. J Bone Joint Surg 1937; 19:1. Bradway JK, Klassen RA, Peterson HA. Blount disease: a review of the English literature. J Pediatr Orthop 1987; 7:472. Feldman MD, Schoenecker PL. Use of the metaphyseal-diaphyseal angle in the evaluation of bowed legs. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1993; 75:1602. Bowen RE, Dorey FJ, Moseley CF. Relative tibial and femoral varus as a predictor of progression of varus deformities of the lower limbs in young children. J Pediatr Orthop 2002; 22:105. Zionts LE, Shean CJ. Brace treatment of early infantile tibia vara. J Pediatr Orthop 1998; 18:102. Loder RT, Johnston CE 2nd. Infantile tibia vara. J Pediatr Orthop 1987; 7:639. Bruce RW Jr. Torsional and angular deformities. Pediatr Clin North Am 1996; 43:867. Loeffler RD Jr, Sherman FC. The effect of treatment on growth and deformity in hypophosphatemic vitamin D-resistant rickets. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1982; :4. Shirley ED, Ain MC. Achondroplasia: manifestations and treatment. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2009; 17:231. Sass P, Hassan G. Lower extremity abnormalities in children. Am Fam Physician 2003; 68:461. Herring JA. Skeletal Dysplasias. In: Tachjidan's Pediatric Orthopaedics, 4th ed, Saunders, Philadelphia 2008.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f26_55_27511

Loeffler RD Jr, Sherman FC. The effect of treatment on growth and deformity in hypophosphatemic vitamin D-resistant rickets. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1982; :4. Shirley ED, Ain MC. Achondroplasia: manifestations and treatment. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2009; 17:231. Sass P, Hassan G. Lower extremity abnormalities in children. Am Fam Physician 2003; 68:461. Herring JA. Skeletal Dysplasias. In: Tachjidan's Pediatric Orthopaedics, 4th ed, Saunders, Philadelphia 2008. Heath CH, Staheli LT. Normal limits of knee angle in white children--genu varum and genu valgum. J Pediatr Orthop 1993; 13:259. Levine AM, Drennan JC. Physiological bowing and tibia vara. The metaphyseal-diaphyseal angle in the measurement of bowleg deformities. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1982; 64:1158. McCarthy JJ, Betz RR, Kim A, et al. Early radiographic differentiation of infantile tibia vara from physiologic bowing using the femoral-tibial ratio. J Pediatr Orthop 2001; 21:545. Greene WB. Genu varum and genu valgum in children. Instr Course Lect 1994; 43:151. Driano AN, Staheli L, Staheli LT. Psychosocial development and corrective shoewear use in childhood. J Pediatr Orthop 1998; 18:346. Goldman V, Green DW. Advances in growth plate modulation for lower extremity malalignment (knock knees and bow legs). Curr Opin Pediatr 2010; 22:47. Topic 6285 Version 11.0 © 2013 UpToDate, Inc. All rights reserved. | Subscription and License Agreement | Release: 21.6- C21.56 Licensed to: AsanBook Dig. Med. Lib. | Support Tag: [0602-61.234.146.186-581423BC0D-S244013.14]