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REFERENCES Staheli LT. Lower positional deformity in infants and children: a review. J Pediatr Orthop 1990; 10:559. Schoenecker PL, Rich MM. The lower extremity. In: Lovell and Winter's Pediatric Orthopaedics, 6th ed, Morrissy RT, Weinstein SL (Eds), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 2006. p.1158. LeDamany P. La torsion du tibia, normal, pathologique, experimentale. J Anat Physiol 1909; 45:598. Staheli LT. Lower limb. In: Fundamentals of Pediatric Orthopedics, 4th ed, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 2008. p.135. Pitkow RB. External rotation contracture of the extended hip. A common phenomenon of infancy obscuring femoral neck anteversion and the most frequent cause of out-toeing gait in children. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1975; :139. Li YH, Leong JC. Intoeing gait in children. Hong Kong Med J 1999; 5:360. Bruce RW Jr. Torsional and angular deformities. Pediatr Clin North Am 1996; 43:867. Staheli LT. Rotational problems in children. Instr Course Lect 1994; 43:199. Herring JA, Karol LA, Richards BS, Johnston CE. Disorders of the foot. In: Tachdjian's Pediatric Orthopaedics, 4th, Herring JA (Ed), Saunders, Philadelphia 2008. p.1035. JACOBS JE. Metatarsus varus and hip dysplasia. Clin Orthop 1960; 16:203. Kumar SJ, MacEwen GD. The incidence of hip dysplasia with metatarsus adductus. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1982; :234. Gruber MA, Lozano JA. Metatarsus varus and developmental dysplasia of the hip: is there a relationship? Orthop Trans 1991; 15:336. Kasser JR. The foot. In: Lovell and Winter's Pediatric Orthopaedics, 6th ed, Morrissy RT, Weinstein SL (Eds), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 2006. p.1257. WYNNE-DAVIES R. FAMILY STUDIES AND THE CAUSE OF CONGENITAL CLUB FOOT. TALIPES EQUINOVARUS, TALIPES CALCANEO-VALGUS AND METATARSUS VARUS. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1964; 46:445. Widhe T, Aaro S, Elmstedt E. Foot deformities in the newborn--incidence and prognosis. Acta Orthop Scand 1988; 59:176. Lincoln TL, Suen PW. Common rotational variations in children. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2003; 11:312. Rushforth GF. The natural history of hooked forefoot. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1978; 60-B:530. Scherl SA. Common lower extremity problems in children. Pediatr Rev 2004; 25:52. Tachdjian MO. The knee and leg. In: Clinical Pediatric Orthopedics: The Art of Diagnosis and Principles of Management, Appleton and Lange, Stamford 1997. p.87.
Rushforth GF. The natural history of hooked forefoot. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1978; 60-B:530. Scherl SA. Common lower extremity problems in children. Pediatr Rev 2004; 25:52. Tachdjian MO. The knee and leg. In: Clinical Pediatric Orthopedics: The Art of Diagnosis and Principles of Management, Appleton and Lange, Stamford 1997. p.87. Katz K, Naor N, Merlob P, Wielunsky E. Rotational deformities of the tibia and foot in preterm infants. J Pediatr Orthop 1990; 10:483. Katz JF. Behavior of internal tibial torsion in infancy. Mt Sinai J Med 1982; 49:7. Staheli LT, Engel GM. Tibial torsion: a method of assessment and a survey of normal children. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1972; 86:183. Staheli LT, Corbett M, Wyss C, King H. Lower-extremity rotational problems in children. Normal values to guide management. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1985; 67:39. Muscular Affectations of the Muscular System. In: Clinical Pediatric Orthopaedics: The Art of Diagnosis and Principles of Management, Tachdjians, MO (Eds), Appleton and Lange, Stamford 1997. p.381. Fabry G, MacEwen GD, Shands AR Jr. Torsion of the femur. A follow-up study in normal and abnormal conditions. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1973; 55:1726. Tachdjian MO. Generalized affectations of the muscular skeletal system. In: Clinical Pediatric Orthopedics: The Art of Diagnosis and Principles of Management, Appleton and Lange, Stamford 1997. p.369. Katz K, Rosenthal A, Yosipovitch Z. Normal ranges of popliteal angle in children. J Pediatr Orthop 1992; 12:229. Kuo L, Chung W, Bates E, Stephen J. The hamstring index. J Pediatr Orthop 1997; 17:78. Blackmur JP, Murray AW. Do children who in-toe need to be referred to an orthopaedic clinic? J Pediatr Orthop B 2010; 19:415. Svenningsen S, Apalset K, Terjesen T, Anda S. Regression of femoral anteversion. A prospective study of intoeing children. Acta Orthop Scand 1989; 60:170. Fuchs R, Staheli LT. Sprinting and intoeing. J Pediatr Orthop 1996; 16:489. Heinrich SD, Sharps CH. Lower extremity torsional deformities in children: a prospective comparison of two treatment modalities. Orthopedics 1991; 14:655. Knittel G, Staheli LT. The effectiveness of shoe modifications for intoeing. Orthop Clin North Am 1976; 7:1019. Driano AN, Staheli L, Staheli LT. Psychosocial development and corrective shoewear use in childhood. J Pediatr Orthop 1998; 18:346.
Heinrich SD, Sharps CH. Lower extremity torsional deformities in children: a prospective comparison of two treatment modalities. Orthopedics 1991; 14:655. Knittel G, Staheli LT. The effectiveness of shoe modifications for intoeing. Orthop Clin North Am 1976; 7:1019. Driano AN, Staheli L, Staheli LT. Psychosocial development and corrective shoewear use in childhood. J Pediatr Orthop 1998; 18:346. Weseley MS, Barenfeld PA, Eisenstein AL. Thoughts on in-toeing and out-toeing: twenty years' experience with over 5000 cases and a review of the literature. Foot Ankle 1981; 2:49. Wedge JH, Munkacsi I, Loback D. Anteversion of the femur and idiopathic osteoarthrosis of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1989; 71:1040. Hubbard DD, Staheli LT, Chew DE, Mosca VS. Medial femoral torsion and osteoarthritis. J Pediatr Orthop 1988; 8:540. Kitaoka HB, Weiner DS, Cook AJ, et al. Relationship between femoral anteversion and osteoarthritis of the hip. J Pediatr Orthop 1989; 9:396. Delgado ED, Schoenecker PL, Rich MM, Capelli AM. Treatment of severe torsional malalignment syndrome. J Pediatr Orthop 1996; 16:484. Topic 14481 Version 3.0 © 2013 UpToDate, Inc. All rights reserved. | Subscription and License Agreement | Release: 21.4 - C21.36 Licensed to: Southeast Alabama Med Ctr | Support Tag: [1003-190.81.197.98-C80C007BE0-S244013.14]