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REFERENCES Salenius P, Vankka E. The development of the tibiofemoral angle in children. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1975; 57:259. Shoenecker PL, Rich MM. The Lower Extremity. In: Lovell and Winter's Pediatric Orthopaedics, 6th ed, Morrissy RT, Weinstein SL (Eds), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 2006. p.1158. White GR, Mencio GA. Genu Valgum in Children: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Alternatives. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 1995; 3:275. Kling TF Jr. Angular deformities of the lower limbs in children. Orthop Clin North Am 1987; 18:513. Greene WB. Genu varum and genu valgum in children: differential diagnosis and guidelines for evaluation. Compr Ther 1996; 22:22. The knee and leg. In: Clinical Pediatric Orthopedics The Art of Diagnosis and Principles of Management, Tachdjian MO (Ed), Appleton & Lange, Stamford, CT 1997. p.87. Sass P, Hassan G. Lower extremity abnormalities in children. Am Fam Physician 2003; 68:461. Scherl SA. Common lower extremity problems in children. Pediatr Rev 2004; 25:52. Bruce RW Jr. Torsional and angular deformities. Pediatr Clin North Am 1996; 43:867. Ogden JA, Ogden DA, Pugh L, et al. Tibia valga after proximal metaphyseal fractures in childhood: a normal biologic response. J Pediatr Orthop 1995; 15:489. Cozen L. Knock-knee deformity in children. Congenital and acquired. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1990; :191. Jackson DW, Cozen L. Genu valgum as a complication of proximal tibial metaphyseal fractures in children. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1971; 53:1571. Barrett IR, Papadimitriou DG. Skeletal disorders in children with renal failure. J Pediatr Orthop 1996; 16:264. Odunusi E, Peters C, Krivit W, Ogilvie J. Genu valgum deformity in Hurler syndrome after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: correction by surgical intervention. J Pediatr Orthop 1999; 19:270. Herring JA. Skeletal Dysplasias. In: Tachjidan's Pediatric Orthopaedics, 4th ed, Saunders, Philadelphia 2008. Heath CH, Staheli LT. Normal limits of knee angle in white children--genu varum and genu valgum. J Pediatr Orthop 1993; 13:259. Stieber JR, Dormans JP. Manifestations of hereditary multiple exostoses. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2005; 13:110. Greene WB. Genu varum and genu valgum in children. Instr Course Lect 1994; 43:151. Driano AN, Staheli L, Staheli LT. Psychosocial development and corrective shoewear use in childhood. J Pediatr Orthop 1998; 18:346.
Heath CH, Staheli LT. Normal limits of knee angle in white children--genu varum and genu valgum. J Pediatr Orthop 1993; 13:259. Stieber JR, Dormans JP. Manifestations of hereditary multiple exostoses. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2005; 13:110. Greene WB. Genu varum and genu valgum in children. Instr Course Lect 1994; 43:151. Driano AN, Staheli L, Staheli LT. Psychosocial development and corrective shoewear use in childhood. J Pediatr Orthop 1998; 18:346. Stevens PM, Maguire M, Dales MD, Robins AJ. Physeal stapling for idiopathic genu valgum. J Pediatr Orthop 1999; 19:645. Tuten HR, Keeler KA, Gabos PG, et al. Posttraumatic tibia valga in children. A long-term follow-up note. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1999; 81:799. Stevens PM, Pease F. Hemiepiphysiodesis for posttraumatic tibial valgus. J Pediatr Orthop 2006; 26:385. Goldman V, Green DW. Advances in growth plate modulation for lower extremity malalignment (knock knees and bow legs). Curr Opin Pediatr 2010; 22:47. Topic 6290 Version 8.0 © 2013 UpToDate, Inc. All rights reserved. | Subscription and License Agreement | Release: 21.6- C21.56 Licensed to: AsanBook Dig. Med. Lib. | Support Tag: [1004-122.96.59.103-74FB0B1AEA-S244013.14]