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REFERENCES Watson WA, Litovitz TL, Rodgers GC Jr, et al. 2002 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am J Emerg Med 2003; 21:353. Osterhoudt KC, Burns Ewald M, Shannon M, Henretig FM. Toxicologic emergencies. In: Textbook of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, 5th, Fleisher GR, Ludwig S, Henretig FM. (Eds), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 2000. p.951. Bryant S, Singer J. Management of toxic exposure in children. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2003; 21:101. Mofenson HC, Greensher J. The unknown poison. Pediatrics 1974; 54:336. Goldfrank LR, Flomenbaum NE, Lewin NA, et al. Principles of managing the poisoned or overdosed patient: An overview. In: Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 6th, Goldfrank L. (Ed), Appleton and Lange, Stamford 1998. p.31. Clinical policy for the initial approach to patients presenting with acute toxic ingestion or dermal or inhalation exposure. American College of Emergency Physicians. Ann Emerg Med 1995; 25:570. Linden CH. General considerations in the evaluation and treatment of poisoning. In: Intensive Care Medicine, Rippe JM, Irwin RS, Fink MP, Cerra FB. (Eds), Little Brown and Company, Boston 1996. p.1455. Clancy C. Electrocardiographic evaluation of the poisoned or overdosed patient. In: Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 6th, Goldfrank L, et al. (Eds), Appleton and Lange, Stamford 1998. p.1105. Boehnert MT, Lovejoy FH Jr. Value of the QRS duration versus the serum drug level in predicting seizures and ventricular arrhythmias after an acute overdose of tricyclic antidepressants. N Engl J Med 1985; 313:474. Kirk M, Pace S. Pearls, pitfalls, and updates in toxicology. Emerg Med Clin North Am 1997; 15:427. Clinical policy for the initial approach to patients presenting with acute toxic ingestion or dermal or inhalation exposure. Ann Emerg Med 1999; 33:735. Hoffman RS, Goldfrank LR. The poisoned patient with altered consciousness. Controversies in the use of a 'coma cocktail'. JAMA 1995; 274:562. Dart RC, Goldfrank LR, Chyka PA, et al. Combined evidence-based literature analysis and consensus guidelines for stocking of emergency antidotes in the United States. Ann Emerg Med 2000; 36:126. Goldfrank L, Weisman RS, Errick JK, Lo MW. A dosing nomogram for continuous infusion intravenous naloxone. Ann Emerg Med 1986; 15:566.
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Ratnapalan S, Potylitsina Y, Tan LH, et al. Measuring a toddler's mouthful: toxicologic considerations. J Pediatr 2003; 142:729. Havlik DM, Nolte KB. Fatal "crack" cocaine ingestion in an infant. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2000; 21:245. Boros CA, Parsons DW, Zoanetti GD, et al. Cannabis cookies: a cause of coma. J Paediatr Child Health 1996; 32:194. Winter ML, Ellis MD, Snodgrass WR. Urine fluorescence using a Wood's lamp to detect the antifreeze additive sodium fluorescein: a qualitative adjunctive test in suspected ethylene glycol ingestions. Ann Emerg Med 1990; 19:663. Fulop M. Flow diagrams for the diagnosis of acid-base disorders. J Emerg Med 1998; 16:97. Rutecki GW, Whittier FC. An approach to clinical acid-base problem solving. Compr Ther 1998; 24:553. Gabow PA. Disorders associated with an altered anion gap. Kidney Int 1985; 27:472. Emmett M, Narins RG. Clinical use of the anion gap. Medicine (Baltimore) 1977; 56:38. Hoffman RS. Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base principles. In: Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 6th, Goldfrank L, et al. (Eds), Appleton and Lange, Stamford 1998. p.243. Jurado RL, del Rio C, Nassar G, et al. Low anion gap. South Med J 1998; 91:624. Steinhart B. Case report: severe ethylene glycol intoxication with normal osmolal gap--"a chilling thought". J Emerg Med 1990; 8:583. Glaser DS. Utility of the serum osmol gap in the diagnosis of methanol or ethylene glycol ingestion. Ann Emerg Med 1996; 27:343. Eisen TF, Lacouture PG, Woolf A. Serum osmolality in alcohol ingestions: differences in availability among laboratories of teaching hospital, nonteaching hospital, and commercial facilities. Am J Emerg Med 1989; 7:256. Hoffman RS, Smilkstein MJ, Howland MA, Goldfrank LR. Osmol gaps revisited: normal values and limitations. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1993; 31:81. Wallace KL, Suchard JR, Curry SC, Reagan C. Diagnostic use of physicians' detection of urine fluorescence in a simulated ingestion of sodium fluorescein-containing antifreeze. Ann Emerg Med 2001; 38:49. Casavant MJ, Shah MN, Battels R. Does fluorescent urine indicate antifreeze ingestion by children? Pediatrics 2001; 107:113. Osterloh JD, Snyder JW. Laboratory principles and techniques to evaluate the poisoned or overdosed patient. In: Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 6th, Goldfrank L, et al. (Eds), Appleton and Lange, Stamford 1998. p.64.
Casavant MJ, Shah MN, Battels R. Does fluorescent urine indicate antifreeze ingestion by children? Pediatrics 2001; 107:113. Osterloh JD, Snyder JW. Laboratory principles and techniques to evaluate the poisoned or overdosed patient. In: Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 6th, Goldfrank L, et al. (Eds), Appleton and Lange, Stamford 1998. p.64. Wiley JF 2nd. Difficult diagnoses in toxicology. Poisons not detected by the comprehensive drug screen. Pediatr Clin North Am 1991; 38:725. Osterloh JD. Utility and reliability of emergency toxicologic testing. Emerg Med Clin North Am 1990; 8:693. Litovitz TL, Klein-Schwartz W, Dyer KS, et al. 1997 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am J Emerg Med 1998; 16:443. Ashbourne JF, Olson KR, Khayam-Bashi H. Value of rapid screening for acetaminophen in all patients with intentional drug overdose. Ann Emerg Med 1989; 18:1035. Sporer KA, Khayam-Bashi H. Acetaminophen and salicylate serum levels in patients with suicidal ingestion or altered mental status. Am J Emerg Med 1996; 14:443. Belson MG, Simon HK. Utility of comprehensive toxicologic screens in children. Am J Emerg Med 1999; 17:221. Brett AS. Implications of discordance between clinical impression and toxicology analysis in drug overdose. Arch Intern Med 1988; 148:437. Kellermann AL, Fihn SD, LoGerfo JP, Copass MK. Impact of drug screening in suspected overdose. Ann Emerg Med 1987; 16:1206. Schwartz DT. Toxicologic imaging. In: Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 6th, Goldfrank L. (Ed), Appleton and Lange, Stamford 1998. p.78. Florez MV, Evans JM, Daly TR. The radiodensity of medications seen on x-ray films. Mayo Clin Proc 1998; 73:516. Roy TM, Ossorio MA, Cipolla LM, et al. Pulmonary complications after tricyclic antidepressant overdose. Chest 1989; 96:852. Tran TP, Panacek EA, Rhee KJ, Foulke GE. Response to dopamine vs norepinephrine in tricyclic antidepressant-induced hypotension. Acad Emerg Med 1997; 4:864. Buchman AL, Dauer J, Geiderman J. The use of vasoactive agents in the treatment of refractory hypotension seen in tricyclic antidepressant overdose. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1990; 10:409. Hollander JE. The management of cocaine-associated myocardial ischemia. N Engl J Med 1995; 333:1267. Lange RA, Cigarroa RG, Flores ED, et al. Potentiation of cocaine-induced coronary vasoconstriction by beta-adrenergic blockade. Ann Intern Med 1990; 112:897.
Buchman AL, Dauer J, Geiderman J. The use of vasoactive agents in the treatment of refractory hypotension seen in tricyclic antidepressant overdose. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1990; 10:409. Hollander JE. The management of cocaine-associated myocardial ischemia. N Engl J Med 1995; 333:1267. Lange RA, Cigarroa RG, Flores ED, et al. Potentiation of cocaine-induced coronary vasoconstriction by beta-adrenergic blockade. Ann Intern Med 1990; 112:897. Kenny J. Treating overdose with calcium channel blockers. BMJ 1994; 308:992. Yuan TH, Kerns WP 2nd, Tomaszewski CA, et al. Insulin-glucose as adjunctive therapy for severe calcium channel antagonist poisoning. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1999; 37:463. Kline JA, Tomaszewski CA, Schroeder JD, Raymond RM. Insulin is a superior antidote for cardiovascular toxicity induced by verapamil in the anesthetized canine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1993; 267:744. Kerns W 2nd, Schroeder D, Williams C, et al. Insulin improves survival in a canine model of acute beta-blocker toxicity. Ann Emerg Med 1997; 29:748. Blake KV, Massey KL, Hendeles L, et al. Relative efficacy of phenytoin and phenobarbital for the prevention of theophylline-induced seizures in mice. Ann Emerg Med 1988; 17:1024. Battaglia J, Moss S, Rush J, et al. Haloperidol, lorazepam, or both for psychotic agitation? A multicenter, prospective, double-blind, emergency department study. Am J Emerg Med 1997; 15:335. Burns MJ, Linden CH, Graudins A, et al. A comparison of physostigmine and benzodiazepines for the treatment of anticholinergic poisoning. Ann Emerg Med 2000; 35:374. Sporer KA. Acute heroin overdose. Ann Intern Med 1999; 130:584. Watson WA, Steele MT, Muelleman RL, Rush MD. Opioid toxicity recurrence after an initial response to naloxone. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1998; 36:11. Topic 6496 Version 9.0 © 2013 UpToDate, Inc. All rights reserved. | Subscription and License Agreement | Release: 21.6- C21.56 Licensed to: AsanBook Dig. Med. Lib. | Support Tag: [0603-118.97.94.19-90DFCF4173-S244013.14]