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referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f30_6_30823

REFERENCES Schoenecker PL, Rich MM. The lower extremity. In: Lovell and Winter's Pediatric Orthopaedics, 6th ed, Morrissy RT, Weinstein SL (Eds), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 2006. p.1158. LeDamany P. La torsion du tibia, normal, pathologique, experimentale. J Anat Physiol 1909; 45:598. Staheli LT. Lower limb. In: Fundamentals of Pediatric Orthopedics, 4th ed, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 2008. p.135. Pitkow RB. External rotation contracture of the extended hip. A common phenomenon of infancy obscuring femoral neck anteversion and the most frequent cause of out-toeing gait in children. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1975; :139. Johnston CE. Disorders of the leg. In: Tachdjian's Pediatric Orthopaedics, 4th, Herring JA (Ed), Saunders, Philadelphia 2008. p.973. Staheli LT. Rotational problems in children. Instr Course Lect 1994; 43:199. Katz K, Krikler R, Wielunsky E, Merlob P. Effect of neonatal posture on later lower limb rotation and gait in premature infants. J Pediatr Orthop 1991; 11:520. Winter WG Jr, Lafferty JF. The skiing sequelae of tibial torsion. Orthop Clin North Am 1976; 7:231. Turner MS, Smillie IS. The effect of tibial torsion of the pathology of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1981; 63-B:396. Scherl SA. Common lower extremity problems in children. Pediatr Rev 2004; 25:52. Karol LA. Rotational deformities in the lower extremities. Curr Opin Pediatr 1997; 9:77. Tönnis D, Heinecke A. Diminished femoral antetorsion syndrome: a cause of pain and osteoarthritis. J Pediatr Orthop 1991; 11:419. Giladi M, Milgrom C, Stein M, et al. External rotation of the hip. A predictor of risk for stress fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1987; :131. Pritchett JW, Perdue KD. Mechanical factors in slipped capital femoral epiphysis. J Pediatr Orthop 1988; 8:385. Muscular Affectations of the Muscular System. In: Clinical Pediatric Orthopaedics: The Art of Diagnosis and Principles of Management, Tachdjians, MO (Eds), Appleton and Lange, Stamford 1997. p.381. Tachdjian MO. The knee and leg. In: Clinical Pediatric Orthopedics: The Art of Diagnosis and Principles of Management, Appleton and Lange, Stamford 1997. p.87. Tachdjian MO. Generalized affectations of the muscular skeletal system. In: Clinical Pediatric Orthopedics: The Art of Diagnosis and Principles of Management, Appleton and Lange, Stamford 1997. p.369. Bruce RW Jr. Torsional and angular deformities. Pediatr Clin North Am 1996; 43:867.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f30_6_30823

Tachdjian MO. The knee and leg. In: Clinical Pediatric Orthopedics: The Art of Diagnosis and Principles of Management, Appleton and Lange, Stamford 1997. p.87. Tachdjian MO. Generalized affectations of the muscular skeletal system. In: Clinical Pediatric Orthopedics: The Art of Diagnosis and Principles of Management, Appleton and Lange, Stamford 1997. p.369. Bruce RW Jr. Torsional and angular deformities. Pediatr Clin North Am 1996; 43:867. Staheli LT, Corbett M, Wyss C, King H. Lower-extremity rotational problems in children. Normal values to guide management. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1985; 67:39. Katz K, Rosenthal A, Yosipovitch Z. Normal ranges of popliteal angle in children. J Pediatr Orthop 1992; 12:229. Kuo L, Chung W, Bates E, Stephen J. The hamstring index. J Pediatr Orthop 1997; 17:78. Topic 15691 Version 2.0 © 2013 UpToDate, Inc. All rights reserved. | Subscription and License Agreement | Release: 21.4 - C21.36 Licensed to: Southeast Alabama Med Ctr | Support Tag: [1002-118.195.65.248-57510F31CB-S244013.14]