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referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f36_1_36888

REFERENCES Davis LP, McCarroll K. Correlative imaging of the liver and hepatobiliary system. Semin Nucl Med 1994; 24:208. Torzilli G, Minagawa M, Takayama T, et al. Accurate preoperative evaluation of liver mass lesions without fine-needle biopsy. Hepatology 1999; 30:889. Schwartz LH, Gandras EJ, Colangelo SM, et al. Prevalence and importance of small hepatic lesions found at CT in patients with cancer. Radiology 1999; 210:71. Borzio M, Borzio F, Macchi R, et al. The evaluation of fine-needle procedures for the diagnosis of focal liver lesions in cirrhosis. J Hepatol 1994; 20:117. Fornari F, Filice C, Rapaccini GL, et al. Small (< or = 3 cm) hepatic lesions. Results of sonographically guided fine-needle biopsy in 385 patients. Dig Dis Sci 1994; 39:2267. Limberg B, Höpker WW, Kommerell B. Histologic differential diagnosis of focal liver lesions by ultrasonically guided fine needle biopsy. Gut 1987; 28:237. Yu SC, Lau WY, Leung WT, et al. Percutaneous biopsy of small hepatic lesions using an 18 gauge automated needle. Br J Radiol 1998; 71:621. Tsou MH, Lin YM, Lin KJ, et al. Fine needle aspiration cytodiagnosis of liver tumors. Results obtained with Riu's stain. Acta Cytol 1998; 42:1359. Evans GH, Harries SA, Hobbs KE. Safety of and necessity for needle biopsy of liver tumours. Lancet 1987; 1:620. Navarro F, Taourel P, Michel J, et al. Diaphragmatic and subcutaneous seeding of hepatocellular carcinoma following fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Liver 1998; 18:251. Takamori R, Wong LL, Dang C, Wong L. Needle-tract implantation from hepatocellular cancer: is needle biopsy of the liver always necessary? Liver Transpl 2000; 6:67. Durand F, Regimbeau JM, Belghiti J, et al. Assessment of the benefits and risks of percutaneous biopsy before surgical resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2001; 35:254. Silva MA, Hegab B, Hyde C, et al. Needle track seeding following biopsy of liver lesions in the diagnosis of hepatocellular cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut 2008; 57:1592. Kew MC. Tumors of the liver. In: Hepatology: A Textbook of Liver Disease, 3rd ed, Zakim D, Boyer T (Eds), WB Saunders, Philadelphia 1996. p.1513. Paley MR, Ros PR. Hepatic metastases. Radiol Clin North Am 1998; 36:349. Saul SH. Masses of the liver. In: Diagnostic Surgical Pathology, 3rd ed, Sternberg SS (Ed), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 1999. p.1553.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f36_1_36888

Kew MC. Tumors of the liver. In: Hepatology: A Textbook of Liver Disease, 3rd ed, Zakim D, Boyer T (Eds), WB Saunders, Philadelphia 1996. p.1513. Paley MR, Ros PR. Hepatic metastases. Radiol Clin North Am 1998; 36:349. Saul SH. Masses of the liver. In: Diagnostic Surgical Pathology, 3rd ed, Sternberg SS (Ed), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 1999. p.1553. Sheiner PA, Brower ST. Treatment of metastatic cancer to the liver. Semin Liver Dis 1994; 14:169. Makuuchi M, Hasegawa H, Yamazaki S. Ultrasonically guided subsegmentectomy. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1985; 161:346. Hagspiel KD, Neidl KF, Eichenberger AC, et al. Detection of liver metastases: comparison of superparamagnetic iron oxide-enhanced and unenhanced MR imaging at 1.5 T with dynamic CT, intraoperative US, and percutaneous US. Radiology 1995; 196:471. Robinson PJ. Imaging liver metastases: current limitations and future prospects. Br J Radiol 2000; 73:234. Kruskal JB, Kane RA. Intraoperative ultrasonography of the liver. Crit Rev Diagn Imaging 1995; 36:175. Nicolau C, Brú C. Focal liver lesions: evaluation with contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. Abdom Imaging 2004; 29:348. Ros PR, Davis GL. The incidental focal liver lesion: photon, proton, or needle? Hepatology 1998; 27:1183. Mahfouz AE, Hamm B, Mathieu D. Imaging of metastases to the liver. Eur Radiol 1996; 6:607. Semelka RC, Schlund JF, Molina PL, et al. Malignant liver lesions: comparison of spiral CT arterial portography and MR imaging for diagnostic accuracy, cost, and effect on patient management. J Magn Reson Imaging 1996; 6:39. Ferrucci JT. Liver tumor imaging: current concepts. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1990; 155:473. MacCarty RL, LaRusso NF, May GR, et al. Cholangiocarcinoma complicating primary sclerosing cholangitis: cholangiographic appearances. Radiology 1985; 156:43. Chalasani N, Baluyut A, Ismail A, et al. Cholangiocarcinoma in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis: a multicenter case-control study. Hepatology 2000; 31:7. Uchimura K, Nakamuta M, Osoegawa M, et al. Hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma. J Clin Gastroenterol 2001; 32:431. Emile JF, Azoulay D, Gornet JM, et al. Primary non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of the liver with nodular and diffuse infiltration patterns have different prognoses. Ann Oncol 2001; 12:1005. Page RD, Romaguera JE, Osborne B, et al. Primary hepatic lymphoma: favorable outcome after combination chemotherapy. Cancer 2001; 92:2023.

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Uchimura K, Nakamuta M, Osoegawa M, et al. Hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma. J Clin Gastroenterol 2001; 32:431. Emile JF, Azoulay D, Gornet JM, et al. Primary non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of the liver with nodular and diffuse infiltration patterns have different prognoses. Ann Oncol 2001; 12:1005. Page RD, Romaguera JE, Osborne B, et al. Primary hepatic lymphoma: favorable outcome after combination chemotherapy. Cancer 2001; 92:2023. Gaines PA, Sampson MA. The prevalence and characterization of simple hepatic cysts by ultrasound examination. Br J Radiol 1989; 62:335. Trastek VF, van Heerden JA, Sheedy PF 2nd, Adson MA. Cavernous hemangiomas of the liver: resect or observe? Am J Surg 1983; 145:49. Rooks JB, Ory HW, Ishak KG, et al. Epidemiology of hepatocellular adenoma. The role of oral contraceptive use. JAMA 1979; 242:644. Edmondson HA, Henderson B, Benton B. Liver-cell adenomas associated with use of oral contraceptives. N Engl J Med 1976; 294:470. Grossman H, Ram PC, Coleman RA, et al. Hepatic ultrasonography in type I glycogen storage disease (von Gierke disease). Detection of hepatic adenoma and carcinoma. Radiology 1981; 141:753. Reddy KR, Schiff ER. Approach to a liver mass. Semin Liver Dis 1993; 13:423. Leese T, Farges O, Bismuth H. Liver cell adenomas. A 12-year surgical experience from a specialist hepato-biliary unit. Ann Surg 1988; 208:558. Gyorffy EJ, Bredfeldt JE, Black WC. Transformation of hepatic cell adenoma to hepatocellular carcinoma due to oral contraceptive use. Ann Intern Med 1989; 110:489. Sandler MA, Petrocelli RD, Marks DS, Lopez R. Ultrasonic features and radionuclide correlation in liver cell adenoma and focal nodular hyperlasia. Radiology 1980; 135:393. Welch TJ, Sheedy PF 2nd, Johnson CM, et al. Focal nodular hyperplasia and hepatic adenoma: comparison of angiography, CT, US, and scintigraphy. Radiology 1985; 156:593. Paley MR, Ros PR. MR imaging of the liver--a practical approach. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 1997; 5:415. Chung KY, Mayo-Smith WW, Saini S, et al. Hepatocellular adenoma: MR imaging features with pathologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1995; 165:303. Outwater EK, Blasbalg R, Siegelman ES, Vala M. Detection of lipid in abdominal tissues with opposed-phase gradient-echo images at 1.5 T: techniques and diagnostic importance. Radiographics 1998; 18:1465.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f36_1_36888

Chung KY, Mayo-Smith WW, Saini S, et al. Hepatocellular adenoma: MR imaging features with pathologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1995; 165:303. Outwater EK, Blasbalg R, Siegelman ES, Vala M. Detection of lipid in abdominal tissues with opposed-phase gradient-echo images at 1.5 T: techniques and diagnostic importance. Radiographics 1998; 18:1465. Grazioli L, Morana G, Kirchin MA, Schneider G. Accurate differentiation of focal nodular hyperplasia from hepatic adenoma at gadobenate dimeglumine-enhanced MR imaging: prospective study. Radiology 2005; 236:166. Grazioli L, Bondioni MP, Haradome H, et al. Hepatocellular adenoma and focal nodular hyperplasia: value of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging in differential diagnosis. Radiology 2012; 262:520. Wanless IR, Mawdsley C, Adams R. On the pathogenesis of focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver. Hepatology 1985; 5:1194. Kerlin P, Davis GL, McGill DB, et al. Hepatic adenoma and focal nodular hyperplasia: clinical, pathologic, and radiologic features. Gastroenterology 1983; 84:994. Mathieu D, Kobeiter H, Maison P, et al. Oral contraceptive use and focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver. Gastroenterology 2000; 118:560. Terkivatan T, de Wilt JH, de Man RA, et al. Indications and long-term outcome of treatment for benign hepatic tumors: a critical appraisal. Arch Surg 2001; 136:1033. Mischinger HJ, Hauser H, Rabl H, et al. Pyogenic liver abscess: studies of therapy and analysis of risk factors. World J Surg 1994; 18:852. McDonald AP, Howard RJ. Pyogenic liver abscess. World J Surg 1980; 4:369. Branum GD, Tyson GS, Branum MA, Meyers WC. Hepatic abscess. Changes in etiology, diagnosis, and management. Ann Surg 1990; 212:655. Newlin N, Silver TM, Stuck KJ, Sandler MA. Ultrasonic features of pyogenic liver abscesses. Radiology 1981; 139:155. Halvorsen RA, Korobkin M, Foster WL, et al. The variable CT appearance of hepatic abscesses. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1984; 142:941. Jeffrey RB Jr, Tolentino CS, Chang FC, Federle MP. CT of small pyogenic hepatic abscesses: the cluster sign. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1988; 151:487. Goldman IS, Brandborg LL. Parasitic diseases of the liver. In: Hepatology, A textbook of liver disease, 3rd ed, Zakim D, Boyer T (Eds), Saunders, Philadephia 1996. p.1206. Knobloch J, Mannweiler E. Development and persistence of antibodies to Entamoeba histolytica in patients with amebic liver abscess. Analysis of 216 cases. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1983; 32:727.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f36_1_36888

Goldman IS, Brandborg LL. Parasitic diseases of the liver. In: Hepatology, A textbook of liver disease, 3rd ed, Zakim D, Boyer T (Eds), Saunders, Philadephia 1996. p.1206. Knobloch J, Mannweiler E. Development and persistence of antibodies to Entamoeba histolytica in patients with amebic liver abscess. Analysis of 216 cases. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1983; 32:727. Seeto RK, Rockey DC. Amebic liver abscess: epidemiology, clinical features, and outcome. West J Med 1999; 170:104. Proctor EM. Laboratory diagnosis of amebiasis. Clin Lab Med 1991; 11:829. Topic 3575 Version 5.0 © 2013 UpToDate, Inc. All rights reserved. | Subscription and License Agreement | Release: 21.3 - C21.34 Licensed to: Morehouse School of Medicine | Support Tag: [0603-41.78.124.10-9FDBE1AB85-S473950.14]