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referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f26_8_26761

REFERENCES Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Preliminary FoodNet data on the incidence of infection with pathogens transmitted commonly through food--10 States, United States, 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2006; 55:392. From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Outbreaks of Salmonella serotype Enteritidis infection associated with consumption of raw shell eggs--United States, 1994-1995. JAMA 1996; 276:1017. Mishu B, Koehler J, Lee LA, et al. Outbreaks of Salmonella enteritidis infections in the United States, 1985-1991. J Infect Dis 1994; 169:547. Hennessy TW, Hedberg CW, Slutsker L, et al. A national outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis infections from ice cream. The Investigation Team. N Engl J Med 1996; 334:1281. From the Centers for Disease Control. Outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis infection associated with consumption of raw shell eggs. JAMA 1992; 267:3263. Gruenewald R, Blum S, Chan J. Relationship between human immunodeficiency virus infection and salmonellosis in 20- to 59-year-old residents of New York City. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 18:358. Levine WC, Buehler JW, Bean NH, Tauxe RV. Epidemiology of nontyphoidal Salmonella bacteremia during the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic. J Infect Dis 1991; 164:81. Thamlikitkul V, Dhiraputra C, Paisarnsinsup T, Chareandee C. Non-typhoidal Salmonella bacteraemia: clinical features and risk factors. Trop Med Int Health 1996; 1:443. Ramos JM, García-Corbeira P, Aguado JM, et al. Clinical significance of primary vs. secondary bacteremia due to nontyphoid Salmonella in patients without AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 19:777. Wolfe MS, Louria DB, Armstrong D, Blevins A. Salmonellosis in patients with neoplastic disease. A review of 100 episodes at Memorial Cancer Center over a 13-year period. Arch Intern Med 1971; 128:546. Pavia AT, Shipman LD, Wells JG, et al. Epidemiologic evidence that prior antimicrobial exposure decreases resistance to infection by antimicrobial-sensitive Salmonella. J Infect Dis 1990; 161:255. Novelli A, Mazzei T, Fallani S, et al. Betalactam therapy and intestinal flora. J Chemother 1995; 7 Suppl 1:25. Anand AJ, Glatt AE. Salmonella osteomyelitis and arthritis in sickle cell disease. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1994; 24:211. Okuonghae HO, Nwankwo MU, Offor EC. Pattern of bacteraemia in febrile children with sickle cell anaemia. Ann Trop Paediatr 1993; 13:55.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f26_8_26761

Novelli A, Mazzei T, Fallani S, et al. Betalactam therapy and intestinal flora. J Chemother 1995; 7 Suppl 1:25. Anand AJ, Glatt AE. Salmonella osteomyelitis and arthritis in sickle cell disease. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1994; 24:211. Okuonghae HO, Nwankwo MU, Offor EC. Pattern of bacteraemia in febrile children with sickle cell anaemia. Ann Trop Paediatr 1993; 13:55. Workman MR, Philpott-Howard JN, Casewell MW, Bellingham AJ. Salmonella bacteraemia in sickle cell disease at King's College Hospital: 1976-1991. J Hosp Infect 1994; 27:195. Barrett-Connor E. Bacterial infection and sickle cell anemia. An analysis of 250 infections in 166 patients and a review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 1971; 50:97. Moellering RC Jr, Weinberg AN. Persistent Salmonella infection in a female carrier for chronic granulomatous disease. Ann Intern Med 1970; 73:595. Mabey DC, Brown A, Greenwood BM. Plasmodium falciparum malaria and Salmonella infections in Gambian children. J Infect Dis 1987; 155:1319. Gopinath R, Keystone JS, Kain KC. Concurrent falciparum malaria and Salmonella bacteremia in travelers: report of two cases. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20:706. Wheat LJ, Rubin RH, Harris NL, et al. Systemic salmonellosis in patients with disseminated histoplasmosis. Case for 'macrophage blockade' caused by Histoplasma capsulatum. Arch Intern Med 1987; 147:561. Gendrel D, Kombila M, Beaudoin-Leblevec G, Richard-Lenoble D. Nontyphoidal salmonellal septicemia in Gabonese children infected with Schistosoma intercalatum. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 18:103. Kinsella TR, Yogev R, Shulman ST, et al. Treatment of Salmonella meningitis and brain abscess with the new cephalosporins: two case reports and a review of the literature. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1987; 6:476. Giannella RA, Broitman SA, Zamcheck N. Gastric acid barrier to ingested microorganisms in man: studies in vivo and in vitro. Gut 1972; 13:251. Kochhar R, Ayyagari A, Goenka MK, et al. Role of infectious agents in exacerbations of ulcerative colitis in India. A study of Clostridium difficile. J Clin Gastroenterol 1993; 16:26. Baliellas C, Xiol X, Barenys M, et al. [Infectious gastroenteritis in relapses of inflammatory bowel disease. Therapeutic implications]. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 1996; 88:419. Mintz ED, Cartter ML, Hadler JL, et al. Dose-response effects in an outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis. Epidemiol Infect 1994; 112:13.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f26_8_26761

Kochhar R, Ayyagari A, Goenka MK, et al. Role of infectious agents in exacerbations of ulcerative colitis in India. A study of Clostridium difficile. J Clin Gastroenterol 1993; 16:26. Baliellas C, Xiol X, Barenys M, et al. [Infectious gastroenteritis in relapses of inflammatory bowel disease. Therapeutic implications]. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 1996; 88:419. Mintz ED, Cartter ML, Hadler JL, et al. Dose-response effects in an outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis. Epidemiol Infect 1994; 112:13. SAPHRA I, WINTER JW. Clinical manifestations of salmonellosis in man; an evaluation of 7779 human infections identified at the New York Salmonella Center. N Engl J Med 1957; 256:1128. Helms M, Simonsen J, Molbak K. Quinolone resistance is associated with increased risk of invasive illness or death during infection with Salmonella serotype Typhimurium. J Infect Dis 2004; 190:1652. Cohen JI, Bartlett JA, Corey GR. Extra-intestinal manifestations of salmonella infections. Medicine (Baltimore) 1987; 66:349. SAPHRA I, WASSERMANN M. Salmonella cholerae suis: a clinical and epidemiological evaluation of 329 infections identified between 1940 and 1954 in the New York Salmonella Center. Am J Med Sci 1954; 228:525. Wang JH, Liu YC, Yen MY, et al. Mycotic aneurysm due to non-typhi salmonella: report of 16 cases. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 23:743. Cherubin CE, Neu HC, Imperato PJ, et al. Septicemia with non-typhoid salmonella. Medicine (Baltimore) 1974; 53:365. Rice PA, Craven C, Wells JG. Salmonella heidelberg enteritis and bacteremia. An epidemic on two pediatric wards. Am J Med 1976; 60:509. Varma JK, Molbak K, Barrett TJ, et al. Antimicrobial-resistant nontyphoidal Salmonella is associated with excess bloodstream infections and hospitalizations. J Infect Dis 2005; 191:554. Patrick ME, Adcock PM, Gomez TM, et al. Salmonella enteritidis infections, United States, 1985-1999. Emerg Infect Dis 2004; 10:1. Sánchez C, García-Restoy E, Garau J, et al. Ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus placebo in acute uncomplicated Salmonella enteritis: a double-blind trial. J Infect Dis 1993; 168:1304. Noguerado A, Garcia-Polo I, Isasia T, et al. Early single dose therapy with ofloxacin for empirical treatment of acute gastroenteritis: a randomised, placebo-controlled double-blind clinical trial. J Antimicrob Chemother 1995; 36:665.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f26_8_26761

Sánchez C, García-Restoy E, Garau J, et al. Ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus placebo in acute uncomplicated Salmonella enteritis: a double-blind trial. J Infect Dis 1993; 168:1304. Noguerado A, Garcia-Polo I, Isasia T, et al. Early single dose therapy with ofloxacin for empirical treatment of acute gastroenteritis: a randomised, placebo-controlled double-blind clinical trial. J Antimicrob Chemother 1995; 36:665. Wiström J, Jertborn M, Ekwall E, et al. Empiric treatment of acute diarrheal disease with norfloxacin. A randomized, placebo-controlled study. Swedish Study Group. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117:202. Onwuezobe IA, Oshun PO, Odigwe CC. Antimicrobials for treating symptomatic non-typhoidal Salmonella infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 11:CD001167. Mattila L, Peltola H, Siitonen A, et al. Short-term treatment of traveler's diarrhea with norfloxacin: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study during two seasons. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 17:779. Dryden MS, Gabb RJ, Wright SK. Empirical treatment of severe acute community-acquired gastroenteritis with ciprofloxacin. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 22:1019. Goodman LJ, Trenholme GM, Kaplan RL, et al. Empiric antimicrobial therapy of domestically acquired acute diarrhea in urban adults. Arch Intern Med 1990; 150:541. Humphries RM, Fang FC, Aarestrup FM, Hindler JA. In vitro susceptibility testing of fluoroquinolone activity against Salmonella: recent changes to CLSI standards. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 55:1107. Grady R. Safety profile of quinolone antibiotics in the pediatric population. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003; 22:1128. Geme JW 3rd, Hodes HL, Marcy SM, et al. Consensus: management of Salmonella infection in the first year of life. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1988; 7:615. Gökalp AS, Toksoy HB, Türkay S, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of Salmonella typhimurium infections in preterm neonates. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1994; 33:349. American Academy of Pediatrics. Salmonella infections. In: Red Book: 2009 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, 28th ed, Pickering LK (Ed), American Academy of Pediatrics, Elk Grove Village, IL 2009. p.584. Benenson S, Raveh D, Schlesinger Y, et al. The risk of vascular infection in adult patients with nontyphi Salmonella bacteremia. Am J Med 2001; 110:60.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f26_8_26761

American Academy of Pediatrics. Salmonella infections. In: Red Book: 2009 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, 28th ed, Pickering LK (Ed), American Academy of Pediatrics, Elk Grove Village, IL 2009. p.584. Benenson S, Raveh D, Schlesinger Y, et al. The risk of vascular infection in adult patients with nontyphi Salmonella bacteremia. Am J Med 2001; 110:60. Cohen PS, O'Brien TF, Schoenbaum SC, Medeiros AA. The risk of endothelial infection in adults with salmonella bacteremia. Ann Intern Med 1978; 89:931. Gordon MA, Banda HT, Gondwe M, et al. Non-typhoidal salmonella bacteraemia among HIV-infected Malawian adults: high mortality and frequent recrudescence. AIDS 2002; 16:1633. Hung CC, Hsieh SM, Hsiao CF, et al. Risk of recurrent non-typhoid Salmonella bacteraemia after early discontinuation of ciprofloxacin as secondary prophylaxis in AIDS patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2001; 15:645. Roberts C, Wilkins EG. Salmonella screening of pregnant women. J Hosp Infect 1987; 10:67. Citernesi A, Spinelli G, Piazzesi G, et al. [Screening for Salmonella in pregnancy]. Minerva Ginecol 1994; 46:681. Gyang A, Saunders M. Salmonella Mississippi: a rare cause of second trimester miscarriage. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2008; 277:437. Scialli AR, Rarick TL. Salmonella sepsis and second-trimester pregnancy loss. Obstet Gynecol 1992; 79:820. Coughlin LB, McGuigan J, Haddad NG, Mannion P. Salmonella sepsis and miscarriage. Clin Microbiol Infect 2003; 9:866. van der Klooster JM, Roelofs HJ. Management of Salmonella infections during pregnancy and puerperium. Neth J Med 1997; 51:83. Sirinavin S, Chiemchanya S, Vorachit M. Systemic nontyphoidal Salmonella infection in normal infants in Thailand. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2001; 20:581. Molyneux EM, Mankhambo LA, Phiri A, et al. The outcome of non-typhoidal salmonella meningitis in Malawian children, 1997-2006. Ann Trop Paediatr 2009; 29:13. Umasankar S, Mridha EU, Hannan MM, et al. An outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis in a maternity and neonatal intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect 1996; 34:117. Mahajan R, Mathur M, Kumar A, et al. Nosocomial outbreak of Salmonella typhimurium infection in a nursery intensive care unit (NICU) and paediatric ward. J Commun Dis 1995; 27:10. Buchwald DS, Blaser MJ. A review of human salmonellosis: II. Duration of excretion following infection with nontyphi Salmonella. Rev Infect Dis 1984; 6:345.

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Mahajan R, Mathur M, Kumar A, et al. Nosocomial outbreak of Salmonella typhimurium infection in a nursery intensive care unit (NICU) and paediatric ward. J Commun Dis 1995; 27:10. Buchwald DS, Blaser MJ. A review of human salmonellosis: II. Duration of excretion following infection with nontyphi Salmonella. Rev Infect Dis 1984; 6:345. Kotton CN, Lankowski AJ, Hohmann EL. Comparison of rectal swabs with fecal cultures for detection of Salmonella typhimurium in adult volunteers. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2006; 56:123. Nelson JD, Kusmiesz H, Jackson LH, Woodman E. Treatment of Salmonella gastroenteritis with ampicillin, amoxicillin, or placebo. Pediatrics 1980; 65:1125. Carlstedt G, Dahl P, Niklasson PM, et al. Norfloxacin treatment of salmonellosis does not shorten the carrier stage. Scand J Infect Dis 1990; 22:553. Neill MA, Opal SM, Heelan J, et al. Failure of ciprofloxacin to eradicate convalescent fecal excretion after acute salmonellosis: experience during an outbreak in health care workers. Ann Intern Med 1991; 114:195. Kassis I, Dagan R, Chipman M, et al. The use of prophylactic furazolidone to control a nosocomial epidemic of multiply resistant Salmonella typhimurium in pediatric wards. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1990; 9:551. Dyson C, Ribeiro CD, Westmoreland D. Large scale use of ciprofloxacin in the control of a Salmonella outbreak in a hospital for the mentally handicapped. J Hosp Infect 1995; 29:287. Corrado ML, DuPont HL, Cooperstock M, et al. Evaluation of new anti-infective drugs for the treatment of chronic carriage of Salmonella. Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Food and Drug Administration. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 15 Suppl 1:S259. Musher DM, Rubenstein AD. Permanent carriers of nontyphosa salmonellae. Arch Intern Med 1973; 132:869. Nelson MR, Shanson DC, Hawkins DA, Gazzard BG. Salmonella, Campylobacter and Shigella in HIV-seropositive patients. AIDS 1992; 6:1495. Thomas ME, Mogford HE. Salmonellosis in general practice. Observations of cases and their household in Enfield. J Hyg (Lond) 1970; 68:663. Mandal B. Typhoid fever and other Salmonellae. Curr Opin Infect Dis 1988; 1:84. Dryden MS, Keyworth N, Gabb R, Stein K. Asymptomatic foodhandlers as the source of nosocomial salmonellosis. J Hosp Infect 1994; 28:195.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f26_8_26761

Thomas ME, Mogford HE. Salmonellosis in general practice. Observations of cases and their household in Enfield. J Hyg (Lond) 1970; 68:663. Mandal B. Typhoid fever and other Salmonellae. Curr Opin Infect Dis 1988; 1:84. Dryden MS, Keyworth N, Gabb R, Stein K. Asymptomatic foodhandlers as the source of nosocomial salmonellosis. J Hosp Infect 1994; 28:195. Khuri-Bulos NA, Abu Khalaf M, Shehabi A, Shami K. Foodhandler-associated Salmonella outbreak in a university hospital despite routine surveillance cultures of kitchen employees. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1994; 15:311. Sirinavin S, Thavornnunth J, Sakchainanont B, et al. Norfloxacin and azithromycin for treatment of nontyphoidal salmonella carriers. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37:685. Standaert SM, Hutcheson RH, Schaffner W. Nosocomial transmission of Salmonella gastroenteritis to laundry workers in a nursing home. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1994; 15:22. Weikel CS, Guerrant RL. Nosocomial salmonellosis. Infect Control 1985; 6:218. Tauxe RV, Hassan LF, Findeisen KO, et al. Salmonellosis in nurses: lack of transmission to patients. J Infect Dis 1988; 157:370. Benenson AS. Control of Communicable Diseases Manual, 16th ed, American Public Health Association, Washington, DC 1995. Topic 2697 Version 12.0 © 2013 UpToDate, Inc. All rights reserved. | Subscription and License Agreement | Release: 21.3 - C21.34 Licensed to: Morehouse School of Medicine | Support Tag: [0603-189.41.181.191-AA596B28AF-S473950.14]