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referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f28_5_28761

REFERENCES file://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/bkgd.shtml (Accessed on July 16, 2012). Bhutta ZA, Chopra M, Axelson H, et al. Countdown to 2015 decade report (2000-10): taking stock of maternal, newborn, and child survival. Lancet 2010; 375:2032. Campbell OM, Graham WJ, Lancet Maternal Survival Series steering group. Strategies for reducing maternal mortality: getting on with what works. Lancet 2006; 368:1284. Tita AT, Stringer JS, Goldenberg RL, Rouse DJ. Two decades of the safe motherhood initiative: time for another wooden spoon award? Obstet Gynecol 2007; 110:972. Ronsmans C, Graham WJ, Lancet Maternal Survival Series steering group. Maternal mortality: who, when, where, and why. Lancet 2006; 368:1189. Carvalho N, Salehi AS, Goldie SJ. National and sub-national analysis of the health benefits and cost-effectiveness of strategies to reduce maternal mortality in Afghanistan. Health Policy Plan 2013; 28:62. Rah JH, Christian P, Shamim AA, et al. Pregnancy and lactation hinder growth and nutritional status of adolescent girls in rural Bangladesh. J Nutr 2008; 138:1505. Shirima CP, Kinabo JL. Nutritional status and birth outcomes of adolescent pregnant girls in Morogoro, Coast, and Dar es Salaam regions, Tanzania. Nutrition 2005; 21:32. Ahmed S, Li Q, Liu L, Tsui AO. Maternal deaths averted by contraceptive use: an analysis of 172 countries. Lancet 2012; 380:111. Guttmacher Institute. Abortion Worldwide: A decade of uneven progress. file://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/Abortion-Worldwide.pdf (Accessed on July 12, 2012). Singh K, Ratnam SS. The influence of abortion legislation on maternal mortality. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1998; 63 Suppl 1:S123. Conde-Agudelo A, Belizán JM. Maternal morbidity and mortality associated with interpregnancy interval: cross sectional study. BMJ 2000; 321:1255. Conde-Agudelo A, Rosas-Bermúdez A, Kafury-Goeta AC. Effects of birth spacing on maternal health: a systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 196:297. Grahm WJ, Bell J, and Bullough C. Can skilled attendance at delivery reduce maternal mortality in developing countries. In: Safe Motherhood Strategies: A Review of the Evidence (eds V De Brouwere & W van Lerberghe). 2001. ITG Press, Antwerp,pp. 97–130. WHO, ICM, and FIGO. Making pregnancy safer: The critical role of the skilled attendant. WHO, Geneva 2004.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f28_5_28761

Grahm WJ, Bell J, and Bullough C. Can skilled attendance at delivery reduce maternal mortality in developing countries. In: Safe Motherhood Strategies: A Review of the Evidence (eds V De Brouwere & W van Lerberghe). 2001. ITG Press, Antwerp,pp. 97–130. WHO, ICM, and FIGO. Making pregnancy safer: The critical role of the skilled attendant. WHO, Geneva 2004. Trends in maternal mortality: 1990 to 2010. WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA and The World Bank estimates www.unfpa.org/webdav/.../Trends_in_maternal_mortality_A4-1.pdf (Accessed on July 11, 2012). Fauveau V, Stewart K, Khan SA, Chakraborty J. Effect on mortality of community-based maternity-care programme in rural Bangladesh. Lancet 1991; 338:1183. Scott S, Ronsmans C. The relationship between birth with a health professional and maternal mortality in observational studies: a review of the literature. Trop Med Int Health 2009; 14:1523. Wilson A, Gallos ID, Plana N, et al. Effectiveness of strategies incorporating training and support of traditional birth attendants on perinatal and maternal mortality: meta-analysis. BMJ 2011; 343:d7102. Pyone T, Sorensen BL, Tellier S. Childbirth attendance strategies and their impact on maternal mortality and morbidity in low-income settings: a systematic review. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2012; 91:1029. Doctor HV, Findley SE, Ager A, et al. Using community-based research to shape the design and delivery of maternal health services in Northern Nigeria. Reprod Health Matters 2012; 20:104. Oyerinde K, Harding Y, Amara P, et al. A Qualitative Evaluation of the Choice of Traditional Birth Attendants for Maternity Care in 2008 Sierra Leone: Implications for Universal Skilled Attendance at Delivery. Matern Child Health J 2012. Monitoring Obstetric Care: a handbook whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241547734_eng.pdf (Accessed on July 18, 2012). AbouZahr C, Wardlaw T. Maternal mortality at the end of a decade: signs of progress? Bull World Health Organ 2001; 79:561. Goldie SJ, Sweet S, Carvalho N, et al. Alternative strategies to reduce maternal mortality in India: a cost-effectiveness analysis. PLoS Med 2010; 7:e1000264. Hussein J, Kanguru L, Astin M, Munjanja S. The effectiveness of emergency obstetric referral interventions in developing country settings: a systematic review. PLoS Med 2012; 9:e1001264. Sy T, Diallo Y, Toure A, et al. [Management of ectopic pregnancy in Conakry, Guinea]. Med Trop (Mars) 2009; 69:565.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f28_5_28761

Goldie SJ, Sweet S, Carvalho N, et al. Alternative strategies to reduce maternal mortality in India: a cost-effectiveness analysis. PLoS Med 2010; 7:e1000264. Hussein J, Kanguru L, Astin M, Munjanja S. The effectiveness of emergency obstetric referral interventions in developing country settings: a systematic review. PLoS Med 2012; 9:e1001264. Sy T, Diallo Y, Toure A, et al. [Management of ectopic pregnancy in Conakry, Guinea]. Med Trop (Mars) 2009; 69:565. Nayama M, Gallais A, Ousmane N, et al. [Management of ectopic pregnancy in developing countries: example of a Nigerian reference maternity]. Gynecol Obstet Fertil 2006; 34:14. Shah SP, Epino H, Bukhman G, et al. Impact of the introduction of ultrasound services in a limited resource setting: rural Rwanda 2008. BMC Int Health Hum Rights 2009; 9:4. Harris RD, Marks WM. Compact ultrasound for improving maternal and perinatal care in low-resource settings: review of the potential benefits, implementation challenges, and public health issues. J Ultrasound Med 2009; 28:1067. Kimberly HH, Murray A, Mennicke M, et al. Focused maternal ultrasound by midwives in rural Zambia. Ultrasound Med Biol 2010; 36:1267. Shah S, Price. Manual of Ultrasound for Resource—Limited Settings 2011. Partners in Health. file://www.pih.org/publications/entry/manual-of-ultrasound-for-resource-limited-settings (Accessed on June 22, 2012). Pathmanathan I, Liljestrand J, Martins JM. Investing in maternal health. Learning from Malaysia and Sri Lanka. World Bank, Washington, DC 2003. Koblinsky M ed. Reducing maternal morality: learning from Bolivia, China, Egypt, Honduras, Indonesia, Jamaica, and Zimbabwe. World Bank, Washington DC 2003. Packages of Interventions for Family Planning, Safe Abortion care, Maternal, Newborn and Child Health. file://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2010/WHO_FCH_10.06_eng.pdf (Accessed on March 22, 2011). WHO Technical consultation on postpartum and postnatal care. file://www.who.int/making_pregnancy_safer/documents/WHO_MPS_10_03/en/index.html (Accessed on March 22, 2011). Hogan MC, Foreman KJ, Naghavi M, et al. Maternal mortality for 181 countries, 1980-2008: a systematic analysis of progress towards Millennium Development Goal 5. Lancet 2010; 375:1609. Amowitz LL, Kim G, Reis C, et al. Human rights abuses and concerns about women's health and human rights in southern Iraq. JAMA 2004; 291:1471.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f28_5_28761

Hogan MC, Foreman KJ, Naghavi M, et al. Maternal mortality for 181 countries, 1980-2008: a systematic analysis of progress towards Millennium Development Goal 5. Lancet 2010; 375:1609. Amowitz LL, Kim G, Reis C, et al. Human rights abuses and concerns about women's health and human rights in southern Iraq. JAMA 2004; 291:1471. Amowitz LL, Reis C, Iacopino V. Maternal mortality in Herat Province, Afghanistan, in 2002: an indicator of women's human rights. JAMA 2002; 288:1284. Swiss S, Jennings PJ, Aryee GV, et al. Violence against women during the Liberian civil conflict. JAMA 1998; 279:625. Nour NN. Maternal health considerations during disaster relief. Rev Obstet Gynecol 2011; 4:22. Amowitz LL, Reis C, Lyons KH, et al. Prevalence of war-related sexual violence and other human rights abuses among internally displaced persons in Sierra Leone. JAMA 2002; 287:513. Mukherjee JS, Barry DJ, Satti H, et al. Structural violence: a barrier to achieving the millennium development goals for women. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2011; 20:593. Cook RJ, Dickens BM. Human rights to safe motherhood. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2002; 76:225. Say L, Pattinson RC, Gülmezoglu AM. WHO systematic review of maternal morbidity and mortality: the prevalence of severe acute maternal morbidity (near miss). Reprod Health 2004; 1:3. Filippi V, Brugha R, Browne E, et al. Obstetric audit in resource-poor settings: lessons from a multi-country project auditing 'near miss' obstetrical emergencies. Health Policy Plan 2004; 19:57. Filippi V, Ganaba R, Baggaley RF, et al. Health of women after severe obstetric complications in Burkina Faso: a longitudinal study. Lancet 2007; 370:1329. Weeks A, Lavender T, Nazziwa E, Mirembe F. Personal accounts of 'near-miss' maternal mortalities in Kampala, Uganda. BJOG 2005; 112:1302. Srofenyoh E, Ivester T, Engmann C, et al. Advancing obstetric and neonatal care in a regional hospital in Ghana via continuous quality improvement. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2012; 116:17. Bayer A. Population Resource Center. January 2001 www.prcdc.org/files/Maternal_Mortality.pdf (Accessed on July 18, 2012). Cristina Rossi A, Mullin P. The etiology of maternal mortality in developed countries: a systematic review of literature. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012; 285:1499. Coyaji BJ. Maternal mortality and morbidity in the developing countries like India. Indian J Matern Child Health 1991; 2:3.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f28_5_28761

Bayer A. Population Resource Center. January 2001 www.prcdc.org/files/Maternal_Mortality.pdf (Accessed on July 18, 2012). Cristina Rossi A, Mullin P. The etiology of maternal mortality in developed countries: a systematic review of literature. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012; 285:1499. Coyaji BJ. Maternal mortality and morbidity in the developing countries like India. Indian J Matern Child Health 1991; 2:3. WHO, ICM, FIGO. Making pregnancy safer: the critical role of the skilled attendant. Geneva: WHO, 2004. Tunçalp Ö, Hofmeyr GJ, Gülmezoglu AM. Prostaglandins for preventing postpartum haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 8:CD000494. Pagel C, Lewycka S, Colbourn T, et al. Estimation of potential effects of improved community-based drug provision, to augment health-facility strengthening, on maternal mortality due to post-partum haemorrhage and sepsis in sub-Saharan Africa: an equity-effectiveness model. Lancet 2009; 374:1441. Tsu VD, Langer A, Aldrich T. Postpartum hemorrhage in developing countries: is the public health community using the right tools? Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2004; 85 Suppl 1:S42. Lokugamage AU, Sullivan KR, Niculescu I, et al. A randomized study comparing rectally administered misoprostol versus Syntometrine combined with an oxytocin infusion for the cessation of primary post partum hemorrhage. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2001; 80:835. Cali��kan E, Meydanli MM, Dilbaz B, et al. Is rectal misoprostol really effective in the treatment of third stage of labor? A randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 187:1038. Høj L, Cardoso P, Nielsen BB, et al. Effect of sublingual misoprostol on severe postpartum haemorrhage in a primary health centre in Guinea-Bissau: randomised double blind clinical trial. BMJ 2005; 331:723. Enakpene CA, Morhason-Bello IO, Enakpene EO, et al. Oral misoprostol for the prevention of primary post-partum hemorrhage during third stage of labor. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2007; 33:810. Parsons, SM, Walley, RL, Crane, JM, Matthews, K, Hutchens, D. Rectal misoprostol versus oxytocin in the management of the third stage of labour. Derman RJ, Kodkany BS, Goudar SS, et al. Oral misoprostol in preventing postpartum haemorrhage in resource-poor communities: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2006; 368:1248.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f28_5_28761

Parsons, SM, Walley, RL, Crane, JM, Matthews, K, Hutchens, D. Rectal misoprostol versus oxytocin in the management of the third stage of labour. Derman RJ, Kodkany BS, Goudar SS, et al. Oral misoprostol in preventing postpartum haemorrhage in resource-poor communities: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2006; 368:1248. Mobeen N, Durocher J, Zuberi N, et al. Administration of misoprostol by trained traditional birth attendants to prevent postpartum haemorrhage in homebirths in Pakistan: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. BJOG 2011; 118:353. Mousa HA, Alfirevic Z. Treatment for primary postpartum haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; :CD003249. Goldenberg RL, McClure EM, Macguire ER, et al. Lessons for low-income regions following the reduction in hypertension-related maternal mortality in high-income countries. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2011; 113:91. Carroli G, Rooney C, Villar J. How effective is antenatal care in preventing maternal mortality and serious morbidity? An overview of the evidence. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2001; 15 Suppl 1:1. MacKay AP, Berg CJ, Atrash HK. Pregnancy-related mortality from preeclampsia and eclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 2001; 97:533. Altman D, Carroli G, Duley L, et al. Do women with pre-eclampsia, and their babies, benefit from magnesium sulphate? The Magpie Trial: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002; 359:1877. Duley L. The global impact of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. Semin Perinatol 2009; 33:130. Working group report on high blood pressure in pregnancy. National Institutes of Health, Washington, DC 2000. Martin JN Jr, Thigpen BD, Moore RC, et al. Stroke and severe preeclampsia and eclampsia: a paradigm shift focusing on systolic blood pressure. Obstet Gynecol 2005; 105:246. Hofmeyr GJ, Lawrie TA, Atallah AN, Duley L. Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problems. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; :CD001059. Gravett CA, Gravett MG, Martin ET, et al. Serious and life-threatening pregnancy-related infections: opportunities to reduce the global burden. PLoS Med 2012; 9:e1001324. Hussein J, Mavalankar DV, Sharma S, D'Ambruoso L. A review of health system infection control measures in developing countries: what can be learned to reduce maternal mortality. Global Health 2011; 7:14.

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f28_5_28761

Gravett CA, Gravett MG, Martin ET, et al. Serious and life-threatening pregnancy-related infections: opportunities to reduce the global burden. PLoS Med 2012; 9:e1001324. Hussein J, Mavalankar DV, Sharma S, D'Ambruoso L. A review of health system infection control measures in developing countries: what can be learned to reduce maternal mortality. Global Health 2011; 7:14. Khan KS, Wojdyla D, Say L, et al. WHO analysis of causes of maternal death: a systematic review. Lancet 2006; 367:1066. World Health Organization. Essential newborn care: report of a technical working group. 1994 file://helid.digicollection.org/es/d/Js2892e/ (Accessed on July 18, 2012). Darmstadt GL, Hassan M, Balsara ZP, et al. Impact of clean delivery-kit use on newborn umbilical cord and maternal puerperal infections in Egypt. J Health Popul Nutr 2009; 27:746. Winani S, Wood S, Coffey P, et al. Use of a clean delivery kit and factors associated with cord infection and puerperal sepsis in Mwanza, Tanzania. J Midwifery Womens Health 2007; 52:37. Mosha F, Winani S, Wood S, et al. Evaluation of the effectiveness of a clean delivery kit intervention in preventing cord infection and puerperal sepsis among neonates and their mothers in rural Mwanza Region, Tanzania. Tanzan Health Res Bull 2005; 7:185. Le Coeur S, Khlat M, Halembokaka G, et al. HIV and the magnitude of pregnancy-related mortality in Pointe Noire, Congo. AIDS 2005; 19:69. Bicego G, Boerma JT, Ronsmans C. The effect of AIDS on maternal mortality in Malawi and Zimbabwe. AIDS 2002; 16:1078. van den Akker T, de Vroome S, Mwagomba B, et al. Peripartum infections and associated maternal mortality in rural Malawi. Obstet Gynecol 2011; 118:266. Packages of Interventions for Family Planning, Safe Abortion care, Maternal, Newborn and Child Health. file://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2010/WHO_FCH_10.06_eng.pdf (Accessed on June 22, 2012). WHO Technical consultation on postpartum and postnatal care. file://www.who.int/making_pregnancy_safer/documents/WHO_MPS_10_03/en/index.html (Accessed on June 22, 2012). World Health Organization. Monitoring Emergency Obstetric Care: a handbook. 2009. file://www.unfpa.org/public/publications/pid/3073 (Accessed on July 19, 2012). Sri Lanka Department of Census and Statistics and Malaysia Department of Statistics Topic 16688 Version 7.0

referencesuptodate· REFERENCES· item f28_5_28761

WHO Technical consultation on postpartum and postnatal care. file://www.who.int/making_pregnancy_safer/documents/WHO_MPS_10_03/en/index.html (Accessed on June 22, 2012). World Health Organization. Monitoring Emergency Obstetric Care: a handbook. 2009. file://www.unfpa.org/public/publications/pid/3073 (Accessed on July 19, 2012). Sri Lanka Department of Census and Statistics and Malaysia Department of Statistics Topic 16688 Version 7.0 © 2013 UpToDate, Inc. All rights reserved. | Subscription and License Agreement | Release: 21.3 - C21.34 Licensed to: Morehouse School of Medicine | Support Tag: [1103-125.39.66.146-3A500C5829-S473950.14]