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©2013 UpToDate ® Print Email Relative frequency of bacterial pathogens isolated from 14 antibiotic comparison trials in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease* Pathogen Percentage of bacterial isolates (range) Haemophilus influenzae 13 to 50 Moraxella catarrhalis 9 to 21 Streptococcus pneumoniae 7 to 26 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1 to 13 *Enterobacteriaceae have been isolated from the respiratory tract of 3 to 19 percent of patients with COPD exacerbations and Staphylococcus aureus has been isolated from the respiratory tract of 1 to 20 percent of patients with COPD exacerbations, but their pathogenic significance in this setting has not been defined. Haemophilus parainfluenzae has been isolated from the respiratory tract of 2 to 32 percent of patients with COPD exacerbations, but these organisms are unlikely to cause COPD exacerbations. Modified with permission from the American Thoracic Society. Copyright © 2004 American Thoracic Society. Sethi S. Bacteria in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society 2004; 1:109. Official Journal of the American Thoracic Society.