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©2013 UpToDate ® Print Email Signs and symptoms of bacterial tracheitis in seven case series Case series Location Minneapolis [1] Cincinnati [2] Milwaukee [3] Cincinnati [4] * Vermont [5]• Taiwan [6] Time period 1979-1980 1986-1988 1985-1991 1991-2001 1997-2006 1995-2005 No. of cases 12 18 9 (measles) 21 (other) 94 18 40 Duration of symptoms before admission 2.4 ± 1.5 d 2.2 Clinical findings Δ Fever 7 (58) 9 (50) 8 (89) 15 (71) ≥101.5°F (40) 25 (63) Cough 8 (44) 8 (89) 15 (71) 77 (82) 17 (94) 32 (80) Barking cough 6 (50) 18 (45) Hoarseness 0 5 (28) 1 (11) 12 (57) 12/46 (26)* 12 (67) 13 (33) Drooling 0 5/46 (11)* 2 (11) Stridor 8 (67) 17 (94) 4 (44) 10 (48) 51 (54) 16 (89) 7 (18) Dyspnea 12 (67) Retractions 14 (78) 28 (30) 17 (94) Wheezing 2 (16) 2 (11) Cyanosis 1 (8) 5 (28) 2 (22) 5 (24) Toxic appearance 9 (10) 10 (56) Radiographic findings Δ Subglottic narrowing 7 (58) 16/16 (100) 6/8 (75) 11/17 (65) Tracheal irregularity or membranes evident 8/16 (50) 2/8 (25) 10/17 (59) 73/84 (87) Pulmonary infiltrates 7/9 (78) 4/19 (21) * Data from subset of 46 cases from January 1995-February 1996 reported by Bernstein, et al. (Clin Infect Dis 1998; 27:458). • Series includes only patients admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit. Δ Number of patients (percentage) unless otherwise indicated. References: Liston SL, Gehrz RC, Jarvis CW. Bacterial tracheitis. Arch Otolaryngol 1981; 107:561. Gallagher PG, Myer CM, 3rd. An approach to the diagnosis and treatment of membranous laryngotracheobronchitis in infants and children. Pediatr Emerg Care 1991; 7:337. Conley SF, Beste DJ, Hoffmann RG. Measles-associated bacterial tracheitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1993; 12:414. Salamone FN, Bobbitt DB, Myer CM, et al. Bacterial tracheitis reexamined: is there a less severe manifestation?. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004; 131:871. Hopkins A, Lahiri T, Salerno R, Heath B. Changing epidemiology of life-threatening upper airway infections: the reemergence of bacterial tracheitis. Pediatrics 2006; 118:1418. Huang YL, Peng CC, Chiu NC, et al. Bacterial tracheitis in pediatrics: 12 year experience at a medical center in Taiwan. Pediatr Int 2009; 51:110.