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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Workowsk,i KA, Berman, SM. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2006. MMWR Recomm Rep 2006; 55(RR-11):1. McDonald HM, O'Loughlin JA, Vigneswaran R, et al. Impact of metronidazole therapy on preterm birth in women with bacterial vaginosis flora (Gardnerella vaginalis): a randomised, placebo controlled trial. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997; 104:1391. Morales WJ, Schorr S, Albritton J. Effect of metronidazole in patients with preterm birth in preceding pregnancy and bacterial vaginosis: a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994; 171:345. Hauth JC, Goldenberg RL, Andrews WW, et al. Reduced incidence of preterm delivery with metronidazole and erythromycin in women with bacterial vaginosis. N Engl J Med 1995; 333:1732. Leitich H, Kiss H. Asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis and intermediate flora as risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcome. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2007; 21:375. Hillier SL, Martius J, Krohn M, et al. A case-control study of chorioamnionic infection and histologic chorioamnionitis in prematurity. N Engl J Med 1988; 319:972. Nygren P, Fu R, Freeman M, et al. Evidence on the benefits and harms of screening and treating pregnant women who are asymptomatic for bacterial vaginosis: an update review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2008; 148:220. Lamont RF, Nhan-Chang CL, Sobel JD, et al. Treatment of abnormal vaginal flora in early pregnancy with clindamycin for the prevention of spontaneous preterm birth: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 205:177. Odendaal HJ, Popov I, Schoeman J, et al. Preterm labour--is bacterial vaginosis involved? S Afr Med J 2002; 92:231. Committee on Practice Bulletins—Obstetrics, The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice bulletin no. 130: prediction and prevention of preterm birth. Obstet Gynecol 2012; 120:964. Leitich H, Bodner-Adler B, Brunbauer M, et al. Bacterial vaginosis as a risk factor for preterm delivery: a meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 189:139. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy to prevent preterm delivery: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med 2008; 148:214.

Leitich H, Bodner-Adler B, Brunbauer M, et al. Bacterial vaginosis as a risk factor for preterm delivery: a meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 189:139. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy to prevent preterm delivery: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med 2008; 148:214. Ugwumadu A, Manyonda I, Reid F, Hay P. Effect of early oral clindamycin on late miscarriage and preterm delivery in asymptomatic women with abnormal vaginal flora and bacterial vaginosis: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 361:983. Lamont RF, Duncan SL, Mandal D, Bassett P. Intravaginal clindamycin to reduce preterm birth in women with abnormal genital tract flora. Obstet Gynecol 2003; 101:516. Macones GA, Parry S, Elkousy M, et al. A polymorphism in the promoter region of TNF and bacterial vaginosis: preliminary evidence of gene-environment interaction in the etiology of spontaneous preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 190:1504. Klebanoff MA, Carey JC, Hauth JC, et al. Failure of metronidazole to prevent preterm delivery among pregnant women with asymptomatic Trichomonas vaginalis infection. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:487. Vermeulen GM, Bruinse HW. Prophylactic administration of clindamycin 2% vaginal cream to reduce the incidence of spontaneous preterm birth in women with an increased recurrence risk: a randomised placebo-controlled double-blind trial. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1999; 106:652. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs. Transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk. Pediatrics 2001; 108:776. LactMed available at file://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/f?./temp/~R2NQWq:1 (Accessed on January 19, 2010). Lactmed. Available at file://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/f?./temp/~R2NQWq:2. (Accessed on January 19, 2010). Topic 5451 Version 31.0 © 2013 UpToDate, Inc. All rights reserved. | Subscription and License Agreement | Release: 21.4 - C21.36 Licensed to: Southeast Alabama Med Ctr | Support Tag: [1103-201.65.114.212-BD1901CB76-S244013.14]

Patient information: Bacterial vaginosis (Beyond the Basics) Author Jack D Sobel, MD Section Editor Robert L Barbieri, MD Deputy Editor Vanessa A Barss, MD Find Print INTRODUCTION Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common cause of vaginal discharge in women. It can cause bothersome symptoms, and also increases the risk of acquiring serious sexually transmitted infections, such as HIV. It may be difficult to know if discharge is caused by BV or other common vaginal infections, thus a visit with a healthcare provider is recommended in most cases. (See "Patient information: Vaginal discharge in adult women (Beyond the Basics)" .) BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS CAUSES BV occurs when there is a change in the number and types of bacteria in the vagina. Lactobacilli are a type of bacteria that are normally found in the vagina. In women with BV, the number of lactobacilli is reduced. The reason for these changes is not known. Risk factors  — Risk factors for BV include multiple or new sexual partners, douching, and cigarette smoking. Although sexual activity can increase the risk of developing BV, BV can occur in women who have never had vaginal intercourse. BV is not thought to be a sexually transmitted infection. BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Approximately 50 to 75 percent of women with BV have no symptoms. Those with symptoms often note an unpleasant, "fishy smelling" vaginal discharge that is more noticeable after sexual intercourse. Vaginal discharge that is off-white and thin may also be present. Pain during urination or sex, vulvar itching, redness, and swelling are not typical. Occasionally, BV causes an abnormal cervical discharge and easy bleeding (such as after sexual intercourse). If you have concerns about excessive or foul-smelling vaginal discharge, abnormal bleeding, or vulvar irritation, see a healthcare provider. Self-treatment with over-the-counter products (eg, yeast creams, deodorants) is not recommended without a definite diagnosis. BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS DIAGNOSIS The diagnosis of BV is based upon a physical examination and laboratory testing. The physical examination usually includes a pelvic examination, which allows the healthcare provider to observe and test vaginal secretions. It can be difficult to know, without an examination and testing, if vaginal discharged is caused by BV or another vaginal infection. BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS COMPLICATIONS

The diagnosis of BV is based upon a physical examination and laboratory testing. The physical examination usually includes a pelvic examination, which allows the healthcare provider to observe and test vaginal secretions. It can be difficult to know, without an examination and testing, if vaginal discharged is caused by BV or another vaginal infection. BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS COMPLICATIONS BV itself is not harmful, although it has been associated with some health problems. Pregnant women with BV are at higher risk of preterm delivery (see 'Bacterial vaginosis and pregnancy' below). Untreated BV in a woman who undergoes hysterectomy or abortion can lead to infection of the surgical site. BV increases the risk of becoming infected with and spreading HIV. BV increases the risk that a woman will become infected with genital herpes, gonorrhea, or chlamydia. (See "Patient information: Genital herpes (Beyond the Basics)" and "Patient information: Gonorrhea (Beyond the Basics)" and "Patient information: Chlamydia (Beyond the Basics)" .) BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS TREATMENT Treatment of BV is usually recommended. There are two prescription medications used for the treatment of BV: metronidazole and clindamycin. Both medications can be taken in pill form by mouth, or with a gel or cream that is inserted inside the vagina. Oral medication may be more convenient, but causes more side effects. If symptoms improve after treatment, a follow up visit is not necessary. Metronidazole  — Metronidazole vaginal gel is one of the most effective treatments; it is applied inside the vagina at bedtime for five days. Metronidazole can also be taken in pill form, 500 mg twice daily for seven days. The choice of pill versus vaginal gel depends upon the woman's preference. In general, there are fewer side effects with the vaginal treatment. Side effects of oral metronidazole include a metallic taste, nausea, and a temporary lowered blood count. You should not drink alcohol while taking metronidazole pills due to the risk of a serious interaction, which can cause flushing, nausea, thirst, palpitations, chest pain, vertigo, and low blood pressure. Metronidazole pills also interact with warfarin (Coumadin®), potentially increasing the risk of bleeding. The vaginal gel does not cause these side effects.

Side effects of oral metronidazole include a metallic taste, nausea, and a temporary lowered blood count. You should not drink alcohol while taking metronidazole pills due to the risk of a serious interaction, which can cause flushing, nausea, thirst, palpitations, chest pain, vertigo, and low blood pressure. Metronidazole pills also interact with warfarin (Coumadin®), potentially increasing the risk of bleeding. The vaginal gel does not cause these side effects. Clindamycin  — Clindamycin is a cream that is inserted into the vagina at bedtime for seven days. A one-day vaginal clindamycin cream and three day vaginal ovule are also available. Clindamycin cream should not be used with latex condoms due to the risk of condom breakage. Clindamycin can also be taken by mouth, 300 mg twice daily for seven days. Sexual partners  — It is not necessary to treat the sexual partner of a woman with BV. Treating the sexual partner does not improve the woman's symptoms or decrease the risk of the infection coming back. Relapse and recurrent infection  — Approximately 30 percent of women who initially improve after treatment have a recurrence of BV symptoms within three months, and more than 50 percent have a recurrence of symptoms within 12 months. It is not clear why this occurs, although it may be related to bacteria that were not completely treated or lack of a normal level of protective lactobacilli. The role of lactobacilli is discussed above (see 'Bacterial vaginosis causes' above). Relapse can be treated with a prolonged course of oral or vaginal metronidazole or clindamycin for seven days; the United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention suggests a treatment regimen different from the initial or previous treatment regimen (eg, oral treatment if vaginal treatment used previously). If you've had more than three episodes of BV in the past 12 months, you may benefit from a preventive treatment. This may include vaginal metronidazole gel twice weekly for three to six months. Clindamycin (oral or vaginal) is not usually recommended as a preventive treatment. Bacterial vaginosis and pregnancy  — Pregnant women with BV are at increased risk of preterm birth. However, there is no benefit to testing and/or treating all pregnant women for BV unless the woman has symptoms of infection. Some experts recommend testing all pregnant women who have a history of a previous preterm delivery.

Bacterial vaginosis and pregnancy  — Pregnant women with BV are at increased risk of preterm birth. However, there is no benefit to testing and/or treating all pregnant women for BV unless the woman has symptoms of infection. Some experts recommend testing all pregnant women who have a history of a previous preterm delivery. Pregnant women with symptoms of BV infection are usually treated. Oral treatment with seven days of metronidazole is preferred over vaginal treatments. BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS PREVENTION The best way to prevent BV is not known. However, a few basic recommendations can be made. Do not douche. Douching is the use of a solution to rinse the inside of the vagina. Some women douche to feel "clean", although there is no proven benefit of douching. The vagina is normally able to maintain a healthy balance of bacteria; douching can upset this balance and potentially flush harmful bacteria into the upper genital tracts (uterus, fallopian tubes). Limit the number of sexual partners. Women with multiple sexual partners are at higher risk of developing bacterial vaginosis and sexually transmitted infections. Finish the entire course of treatment for BV, even if the symptoms resolve after a few doses. SUMMARY Bacterial vaginosis (BV) can cause "fishy smelling" vaginal discharge, which may be worse after sex. Some women do not have this discharge. BV is considered by some experts to be a sexually transmitted infection. Sexual partners do not need to be treated since treatment of males is not effective for preventing infection of the female partner. Some experts recommend that male partners use condoms. Female partners should be treated with standard therapy. Do not treat yourself for abnormal vaginal discharge. A doctor or nurse should first perform an exam to determine the reason for the discharge. Several prescription medications are available to treat BV; some are vaginal gels or creams while others are pills that you take by mouth. Pills may be more convenient, but usually cause side effects (nausea, metallic-taste). Some women develop BV repeatedly. A treatment may be recommended to prevent infections. This includes a vaginal gel twice per week for three to six months. Pregnant women with BV infection should be treated. This usually includes pills that are taken by mouth. WHERE TO GET MORE INFORMATION

Several prescription medications are available to treat BV; some are vaginal gels or creams while others are pills that you take by mouth. Pills may be more convenient, but usually cause side effects (nausea, metallic-taste). Some women develop BV repeatedly. A treatment may be recommended to prevent infections. This includes a vaginal gel twice per week for three to six months. Pregnant women with BV infection should be treated. This usually includes pills that are taken by mouth. WHERE TO GET MORE INFORMATION Your healthcare provider is the best source of information for questions and concerns related to your medical problem. This article will be updated as needed on our web site ( www.uptodate.com/patients ). Related topics for patients, as well as selected articles written for healthcare professionals, are also available. Some of the most relevant are listed below. Patient level information  — UpToDate offers two types of patient education materials. The Basics  — The Basics patient education pieces answer the four or five key questions a patient might have about a given condition. These articles are best for patients who want a general overview and who prefer short, easy-to-read materials. Patient information: Vaginal yeast infection (The Basics) Patient information: Bacterial vaginosis (The Basics) Patient information: Vaginal discharge in adults (The Basics) Patient information: Probiotics (The Basics) Beyond the Basics  — Beyond the Basics patient education pieces are longer, more sophisticated, and more detailed. These articles are best for patients who want in-depth information and are comfortable with some medical jargon Patient information: Vaginal discharge in adult women (Beyond the Basics) Patient information: Genital herpes (Beyond the Basics) Patient information: Gonorrhea (Beyond the Basics) Patient information: Chlamydia (Beyond the Basics) Professional level information  — Professional level articles are designed to keep doctors and other health professionals up-to-date on the latest medical findings. These articles are thorough, long, and complex, and they contain multiple references to the research on which they are based. Professional level articles are best for people who are comfortable with a lot of medical terminology and who want to read the same materials their doctors are reading.

Professional level information  — Professional level articles are designed to keep doctors and other health professionals up-to-date on the latest medical findings. These articles are thorough, long, and complex, and they contain multiple references to the research on which they are based. Professional level articles are best for people who are comfortable with a lot of medical terminology and who want to read the same materials their doctors are reading. Bacterial vaginosis Acute cervicitis Desquamative inflammatory vaginitis Approach to women with symptoms of vaginitis Pathogenesis of and risk factors for pelvic inflammatory disease Screening for sexually transmitted infections The following organizations also provide reliable health information. National Library of Medicine ( www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html ) National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases ( www3.niaid.nih.gov/topics/vaginitis ) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( www.cdc.gov/STD/BV/default.htm ) American Social Health Association ( www.ashastd.org/std-sti/vaginitis.html ) [ 1-4 ] Literature review current through: Oct 2013. | This topic last updated: Sep 13, 2012. Find Print The content on the UpToDate website is not intended nor recommended as a substitutefor medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your own physician orother qualified health care professional regarding any medical questions or conditions. Theuse of this website is governed by the UpToDate Terms of Use ©2013 UpToDate, Inc. References Top Schwebke JR, Desmond RA, Oh MK. Predictors of bacterial vaginosis in adolescent women who douche. Sex Transm Dis 2004; 31:433. Gutman RE, Peipert JF, Weitzen S, Blume J. Evaluation of clinical methods for diagnosing bacterial vaginosis. Obstet Gynecol 2005; 105:551. McDonald H, Brocklehurst P, Parsons J. Antibiotics for treating bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; :CD000262. Riggs MA, Klebanoff MA. Treatment of vaginal infections to prevent preterm birth: a meta-analysis. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2004; 47:796.